1、Designation: D 6669 01a (Reapproved 2007)e1Standard Practice forSelecting and Constructing Exposure Scenarios forAssessment of Exposures to Alkyd and Latex InteriorPaints1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6669; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year o
2、foriginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorially updated the References section in May 2007.1. Scope
3、1.1 This practice provides procedures for constructing sce-narios for assessment of inhalation exposure to airborneemissions of chemicals released from alkyd or latex paints thatare used indoors.1.2 The indoor environments covered in this practice, interms of considerations for developing exposure s
4、cenarios, areresidences and office buildings.1.3 Elements of the exposure scenarios include the productand chemical(s) to be assessed, the indoor environment wherethe product is applied, application of the product, chemicalemissions during and after product application, and location/activity pattern
5、s of individuals who may be exposed to theairborne chemical emissions.1.4 Steps to be performed after developing exposure sce-narios, such as monitoring, modeling and exposure/risk assess-ment, also are described.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associ
6、ated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-ness o
7、f Organic Coatings Using MicrometersD 1212 Test Methods for Measurement of Wet Film Thick-ness of Organic CoatingsD 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber De-terminations of Organic Emissions From Indoor Materials/ProductsD 6
8、178 Practice for Estimation of Short-term InhalationExposure to Volatile Organic Chemicals Emitted fromBedding SetsD 6485 Guide for Risk Characterization of Acute and Irri-tant Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Volatile OrganicChemicals Emitted from Bedding SetsE 741 Test Method for Determining Air
9、Change in a SingleZone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this prac-tice refer to Terminology D 1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 emission profile, na time-series of emission rates ofone or more compounds.3.2.2 e
10、xposure scenario, na description of how and wherean estimated exposure occurs, including (1) the location andemission profile of the product or material that causes expo-sure, (2) the indoor environment where the individual isexposed to airborne emissions from the product or material,and (3) the loc
11、ation and activity patterns of the exposedindividual.3.2.3 potential inhaled dose, nthe product of air concen-tration to which an individual is exposed times breathing ratetimes duration of exposure.3.2.4 short-term exposure, nan exposure of one week orless in duration.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This
12、 practice documents the items that need to bedescribed when developing an exposure scenario for assess-ment of exposures to chemicals released indoors from alkyd orlatex paints. Important considerations are discussed for eachitem, along with examples or alternatives where appropriate.4.2 An exposure
13、 scenarioa description of how and wherean estimated exposure occursincludes the following ele-ments for paints used indoors (that is, interior paints):1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Cu
14、rrent edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 6669 - 01a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volum
15、e information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2.1 The product and chemical(s) to be assessed.4.2.2 The indoor environment where the product is applied
16、,including properties such as volume and airflow rate.4.2.3 The amount and rate of product use.4.2.4 Chemical emissions during and after paint application.4.2.5 Locations and breathing rates of an individual, orindividuals, who may be exposed to the airborne chemicalemissions.4.3 Further considerati
17、ons discussed in this practice includetypical versus conservative assumptions, short-term versuslong-term exposure perspectives, alkyd versus latex paints, andresidential versus office settings.4.4 More than one exposure scenario can be constructed.The practice also provides a list of elements to be
18、 includedwhen comparing multiple scenarios.5. Significance and Use5.1 Increasing attention is being paid to human exposure toairborne chemicals from products or materials used indoors,for two reasons:5.1.1 Individuals spend substantial fractions of their timeindoors.5.1.2 Such exposures can occur re
19、peatedly throughout oneslifetime.5.2 The primary objectives of this practice are as follows:5.2.1 To list the elements that need to be considered indeveloping a scenario to describe how exposure occurs tochemicals emitted from alkyd or latex interior paints.5.2.2 To discuss procedures and alternativ
20、es for choosingand describing these elements.5.3 Elements of an exposure scenario, in turn, are used topractice a subsequent step of estimating exposures throughmonitoring studies or computer modeling exercises.5.4 Once exposures have been estimated, the results can beused to assess the potential im
21、pacts of a specific paintformulation on the health of exposed individuals, or to com-pare the relative impacts of alternative formulations.5.5 Estimation of exposures, or comparisons of estimatedexposures across alternative paint formulations, can lead todevelopment of environmentally preferable pro
22、ducts by mini-mizing adverse health effects for exposed individuals.6. Procedures for Developing Exposure Scenarios6.1 Describing the Product and Chemical(s):6.1.1 Chemical emissions can vary according to the type ofpaint and painted substrate. Describe the following:6.1.1.1 Alkyd or latex paint.6.1
23、.1.2 Flat, gloss, or semi-gloss paint.6.1.1.3 Physical properties such as paint density (for ex-ample, in pounds per gallon or grams per cm3).6.1.1.4 Typical applications of the paint, in terms of (1) typeof substrate to which it is applied (for example, gypsumwallboard vs. wood/trim vs. metal) and
24、(2) type of room (forexample, bedroom vs. bathroom or kitchen).6.1.1.5 Typical warnings or advice on the paint container(for example, “Use in a well-ventilated area”).6.1.2 The pattern and potential impact of chemical emis-sions over time can vary by chemical. Describe the following:6.1.2.1 Physical
25、/chemical properties of the chemical(s) un-der investigation, such as molecular weight and vapor pressure.6.1.2.2 Role of the chemical(s) in the paint (for example,solvent).6.1.2.3 Weight fraction of the chemical(s) in the paint.6.1.2.4 Toxicity information, such as that commonly re-ported in Materi
26、al Safety Data Sheets.6.1.3 Chemical emissions can be affected by environmentalfactors such as temperature and humidity. These factors arediscussed in 6.2. The pattern of chemical emissions also candepend on factors such as the paint application method, theamount of paint applied, and the rate of ap
27、plication. Thesefactors are discussed in 6.3.6.2 Describing the Indoor Environment Where the ProductIs Applied:6.2.1 Describe the size/volume and general configuration ofthe environment (for example, a two-story residence consistingof eight rooms with a volume of 15 000 ft3or 425 m3). Specificconsid
28、erations for residential versus office buildings are dis-cussed under 6.6. Distributions for volumes of U.S. residencesare presented in the Exposure Factors Handbook (1).36.2.2 Describe the indoor-outdoor air change rate (for ex-ample, in h-1or air changes per hour, ACH) and associatedconditions suc
29、h as opening of doors/windows and use ofexhaust/circulation fans. Distributions for air change rates ofU.S. residences are presented in the Exposure Factors Hand-book (1). Persily (2) has measured air change rates in a limitedset of office buildings.6.2.3 DiscussionWhen conducting an actual exposure
30、assessment, as opposed to constructing an exposure scenario toguide the assessment, it may be preferable to replace assump-tions regarding air change rates with actual measurements,using methods such as those described in Test Method E 741.6.2.4 Describe the fraction of the building (or buildingvolu
31、me) that is being painted. It usually is convenient toconceptualize the building as consisting of two indoor airspacesa painted space and an unpainted space, with commu-nicating air flows between the two spacesas illustrated inFig. 1.6.2.5 Describe the airflow rates between the painted andunpainted
32、spaces. The flows in the two directions are notnecessarily equal, but it is often convenient to assume so. Morethan two indoor spaces can be specified, but the number ofairflow rates will increase rapidly (for example, 2 rates for 2spaces, 6 rates for 3 spaces, 12 rates for 4 spaces).6.2.6 Discussio
33、nIn specifying air flows it is important tomaintain a flow balance; that is, for any air space or zone, the3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis practice.FIG. 1 Conceptualization of a Painted BuildingD 6669 01a (2007)e12sum of air flows entering the z
34、one should equal the sum ofexiting air flows. One relatively simple means of accomplish-ing this is to assume that the airflow rates to/from outdoors areproportional to the air change rate (for example, if the zonevolume is 100 m3and the air change rate is 0.5 h-1, then theairflow rate to/from outdo
35、ors is 50 m3/h) and that the airflowrates between the two zones are the same in both directions.Aswith other elements describing an exposure scenario, assump-tions here ultimately should be replaced by measurementswhere possible. However, airflow measurements (typicallyinvolving the use of multiple
36、tracer gases) are not simple toperform. A possible alternative is to use an indoor-air modelthat can model air flows, such as CONTAM (3) or COMIS (4).The MCCEM model (5) has a built-in library of airflow ratesfor a variety of residences.6.2.7 Describe the outdoor concentration for the chemi-cals(s)
37、of concern assumed to prevail during and following thepainting event. Often the outdoor concentration of the chemi-cal(s) being assessed is low relative to that indoors, such thatan assumption of zero concentration outdoors is not unreason-able. Even if a non-zero-concentration is assumed, the estim
38、a-tion process can be simplified by assuming that the outdoorconcentration is constant over time.6.2.8 Describe the environmental conditions of the indoorspace where paint is to be applied. Conditions such astemperature and relative humidity are particularly important, asthese can affect the rate of
39、 chemical emissions.6.2.9 Indoor-air concentrations of chemicals released frompaint can be affected by certain types of materials that absorb(and sometimes desorb) emitted chemicals. Describe wall,ceiling and floor materials as well as furnishings such asupholstered furniture or draperies. The prefe
40、rred method fordocumenting the presence of such materials is to note theirloading rates (that is, ratio of surface area to indoor volume, inunits of ft2/ft3or m2/m3).6.3 Describing the Product Application:6.3.1 Describe the substrate that is being paintedgypsumwallboard, wood, metal, etc.and indicat
41、e whether it ever hasbeen painted before.6.3.2 Indicate whether the substrate is being painted withprimer only, paint only, or primer plus paint.6.3.3 Indicate the number of coats of primer/paint beingapplied.6.3.4 Indicate the drying time(s) between successive coatsof primer/paint.6.3.5 Indicate th
42、e total amount of primer/paint being used.This quantity, commonly expressed in gallons, can be indicatedor calculated in any of the following ways:6.3.5.1 If the actual quantity used is known, then indicatethat quantity.6.3.5.2 If the painted surface area is known, then the amountapplied (A) can be
43、estimated as follows:A surface area/coverage per coat!3 number of coatsfor example, 1,000 ft2/400 ft2/gal! 3 2 coats5 5 gal, (1)or 92.8 m2/37.12 m2/gal! 3 2 coats 5 5 gal!.6.3.5.3 If film thickness is known (see Test Methods D 1005and D 1212), it can be converted to total coverage using thefollowing
44、 formula:Coverage per coat ft2/gal! 5 1600/film thickness mil!, or (2)Coverage per coat m2/gal! 5 148.5/film thickness mil!,where:1 mil = 1/1000 in.The amount applied can then be calculated as in 6.3.5.2.6.3.5.4 If the volume of the painted space is known and ifwalls or ceilings are being painted, t
45、hen the painted surfacearea can be estimated from the following relationships given inthe Exposure Factors Handbook (1) for residences:Wall area ft2! volume ft3! 3 0.29 or m2 m33 0.95! (3)Ceiling area ft2! volume ft3! 3 0.13 or m2 m33 0.43!The amount applied can then be calculated as in 6.3.5.2.6.3.
46、6 Indicate the product application rate (for example, galper h). This rate can depend on factors such as applicationmethod (roller, brush, spray) and the number of painters.Indicate the application method and number of painters alongwith the rate.6.3.7 Indicate the total duration of the painting eve
47、nt. Theduration can be calculated by dividing the total amount ofprimer or paint, or both used (in gallons) by the application rate(in gal per h), assuming a constant application rate. The dryingtime(s) between successive coats needs to be added to thepainting time to obtain the total duration. In c
48、ases where theduration is relatively long (for example, 8 h), indicate thenumber of painting hours per day and the resultant number ofpainting days.6.4 Describing the Chemical Emissions from the Paint:6.4.1 General Nature of Emissions Profile. When primer orpaint is applied quickly to a small specim
49、en (as when conduct-ing a small-chamber test to characterize emissions), the chemi-cal emissions tend to be higher at first and then to decline overtime. Studies of airborne chemical concentrations in chambers(6, 7), following instantaneous application of paint to asubstrate such as gypsum wallboard, indicate that the decliningemission rate tends to follow a single-exponential model forchemicals released from alkyd paint and a double-exponentialmodel for chemicals released from latex paint.6.4.2 Direct Estimation of Emissions Profile. An emissionpro
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