1、Designation: D6699 01 (Reapproved 2010)D6699 16Standard Practice forSampling Liquids Using Bailers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6699; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sampling stratified or un-stratified waters and liquid waste using bailers.1.2 Three specifi
3、c bailers are discussed in this practice. The bailers are the single and double check valve and differentialpressure.1.3 This standard does not cover all of the bailing devices available to the user. The bailers chosen for this practice are typicalof those commercially available.1.4 This practice sh
4、ould be used in conjunction with Guide D4687, Practice D5088, and Practice D5283.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and de
5、termine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring WellsD4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring We
6、ll (Observation Well)(Withdrawn 2010)3D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste SitesD5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste ManagementActivities: QualityAssurance and QualityControl Planning and ImplementationD5681 Terminology for Waste and Was
7、te ManagementD5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Development of Data QualityObjectivesD6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment for Wast
8、e and Contaminated Media Data Collection ActivitiesD6517 Guide for Field Preservation of Groundwater SamplesD6564 Guide for Field Filtration of Groundwater SamplesD6634 Guide for Selection of Purging and Sampling Devices for Groundwater Monitoring WellsD6771 Practice for Low-Flow Purging and Samplin
9、g for Wells and Devices Used for Ground-Water Quality Investigations(Withdrawn 2011)3D7929 Guide for Selection of Passive Techniques for Sampling Groundwater Monitoring Wells2.2 EPA Standard:EPA SW 486846 RCRA SamplesTest Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste: Physical/Chemical Methods3. Terminology3.1
10、 See Terminology D5681.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.03 on SamplingEquipment.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010Sept. 1, 2016. Published January 2011October 2016. Originally approved in 20
11、01. Last previous edition approved in 20062010 asD6699D6699 01 (2010).-01 (2006). DOI: 10.1520/D6699-01R10.10.1520/D6699-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, re
12、fer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the
13、previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright AST
14、M International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Summary of Practice4.1 A clean bailer is lowered into the liquid to be sampled using a suspension line (see Fig. 1). The bailer chamber is allowedto fill with the sample. The check valve or valves
15、 on bailers close when the bailer stops. The bailer is raised to the surface wherethe sample is discharged into a clean sample confiner.container.5. Significance and Use5.1 A bailer is a device for obtaining a sample from stratified or un-stratified waters and liquid wastes. The most common useof a
16、bailer is for sampling ground water from single-screened wells (Fig. 1) and well clusters (see Guide D4448).5.2 This practice is applicable to sampling water and liquid wastes. The sampling procedure will depend on sampling plan andthe data quality objectives (DQOs) (Practice D5792).5.3 Bailers may
17、be used to purge ground water wells prior to sampling, but bailers are poor devices for removing large volumesof water.5.3 Bailers may be used to sample waters and liquid wastes in underground and above ground tanks and surface impoundments.However, the design of the unit and associated piping shoul
18、d be well understood so that the bailer can access the desiredcompartment and depth. Any stratification of the liquid should be identified prior to sampling.NOTE 1Viscous liquids and suspended solids may interfere with a bailers designed operation.5.4 Bailers do not subject the sample to pressure ex
19、tremes. Bailing does disturb the water column and may cause changes tothe parameters to be measured (for example, turbidity, gases, etc.).5.5 The use of bailers in low flow wells for purging can result in increased agitation and turbidity in the sample and canintroduce errors into the sample if the
20、water surface level is drawn down below the top of the screen. In such cases, alternatemethods of sampling such as Passive Sampling (Guide D7929) or Low Flow Sampling (Practice D6771) should be considered.6. Sampling Equipment6.1 Bailers are versatile devices constructed in different sizes and from
21、a variety of materials. Some bailers are designed usinga threaded section that allows the user to change the volume of the bailer by connecting additional sections. When sampling forvolatile organic compounds (VOCs) in liquids, specialized bailers that have a sample control or a draft valve near the
22、 bottom ofthe bailer are used. The control valve allows a sample to be drained from the bailer with minimal loss of volatile compounds.6.2 Three general types of bailers are a single check valve bailer, a double check valve bailer, and a differential pressure bailer(hydrostatic pressure allows the b
23、ailer to fill through the lower tube and release displaced air through the upper tube). AdvantagesFIG. 1 Bailer Sampling a Screened WellD6699 162and limitations of bailers are found in Guides D6232 and D6634.Adescription of the equipment and the advantages and limitationsof bailers in general and sp
24、ecific limitations of the single and double check valve bailers and the differential pressure bailer areas follows:6.2.1 General Description and Advantages and Limitations of Bailers:6.2.1.1 Bailers are available commercially in different lengths, volumes, and check valve density and sample releasea
25、rrangements. They are typically constructed of PTFE, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), stainless steel, and polyethylene (single usedisposable bailer).6.2.1.2 General advantages and limitations of bailers are listed in Table 1.6.2.2 Single Valve Bailer (Fig. 2):6.2.2.1 A single check valve bailer is a lengt
26、h of tubing with a check valve in the bottom. The bottom valve allows the bailerto fill and retain the sample.6.2.2.2 The bottom-emptying bailers with controlled flow valves (Fig. 3) are used for collecting samples for volatile organicanalyses.6.2.2.3 AdvantagesLow initial cost, and it is mechanical
27、ly simple.6.2.2.4 LimitationsApplicable to surface sampling only, disturbs the sample, and exposes the samples to the atmosphere.6.2.3 Double Valve Bailers (Fig. 4):6.2.3.1 Adouble check valve bailer has an additional check valve at the top of the body that allows sampling at a specific depth.As the
28、 bailer is lowered through the liquid column, the liquid flows through the bailer until the sampling level is reached. At thesampling point, the two check valves close to contain the sample. Because the difference between each ball and check valve seatis the same, both check valves close simultaneou
29、sly upon retrieval. The valve from the valve seat is maintained by a pin that blocksvertical movement of the check ball.Adrainage pin is placed into the bottom of the bailer to drain the sample directly into a samplebottle.6.2.3.2 AdvantageIt can sample at any point in a liquid column.6.2.3.3 Limita
30、tionIt can become contaminated with the overlaying material as the sampler approaches the targeted samplingpoint.6.2.4 Differential Pressure Bailer (Fig. 5):6.2.4.1 The differential pressure bailer is a canister with two small diameter tubes of different heights built into the removabletop. It is us
31、ually made from stainless steel to provide sufficient weight to allow it to be lowered rapidly to the desired samplingdepth. Once the bailer is stopped, hydrostatic pressure allows the bailer to fill through the lower tube at the same time as air isdisplaced through the upper tube.6.2.4.2 Advantages
32、There is a minimal cross contamination from the matrix so samples are more likely to be representativeat depth. They are good for sampling for VOCs because they minimize contact with air.6.2.4.3 LimitationsDifficulty of cleaning the equipment, high cost due to the complexity of the device, relative
33、small samplesize compared to other bailers, the required rapid lowering of the bailer may disturb the sample matrix, and cross contaminationfrom potential leakage of the upper liquid layers into the bailer during descent.6.3 Figs. 6 and 3 show devices used to drain samples from the bailers. These de
34、vices are hollow tubes pushed into the bottomof the bailer raising the check valve and allowing the sample to drain into the sample container. The device in Fig. 6 regulatessample flow by controlling how high the check valve is raised. The Fig. 3 emptying device controls sample flow using a separate
35、valve.TABLE 1 General Advantages and Limitations of BailersAdvantages LimitationsSimple to use Time consuming to useSome have a low initial cost Valves may leakCan be made almost any size Tend to expose sample to theatmosphereCan be constructed of a varietyof materialsMay result in samplecontaminati
36、onNo external power sourceneededBailers are not suitable forsampling thin surface layerslike thin layers of light non-aqueous phase liquidsIn low flow wells, errors can beintroduced if the surface level isdrawn down below the top ofthe screen or the samplewaters are agitated the samplewaters excessi
37、velyMay result in loss of VOCswhen discharging sampleD6699 1636.4 Suspension line for raising and lowering bailer must be constructed of a non-contaminating material, inert to the samplematrix, adequately cleaned, and dedicated to the point source to prevent cross contamination.7. Pre-Sampling7.1 A
38、sampling plan must be in place.7.2 The depth at which the sample is taken must be known. The depth is measured from a reference point (datum) on a wellcasing, tank sampling port or manhole, stream gage or other measuring device for rivers and ponds. Whenever possible, thereference point should be su
39、rveyed.7.3 The distance from the reference point to the top of the liquid should be measured and recorded. If there is an interface tobe sampled, the top and bottom of the interface needs to be determined. Test Method D4750 is a good reference for determiningthe interface levels.7.4 The sampling pla
40、n should consider special sample handling like preservation (see Guide D6517 for preservation ofground-water samples and SW 846 for RCRA samples), filtration, if required (see Guide D6564 for field filtration ofground-water), and field compositing (see Guide D6051).7.5 A pail or other suitable conta
41、iner can be used for storage, payout, and retrieval of the suspension line.7.5 Confirm that adequate sample labels, security seals, appropriate storage containers, field logbooks, ice iced coolers ifrequired, chain-of-custody forms, and the like, are available.FIG. 2 Single Valve BailerFIG. 3 Bailer
42、 Emptying DeviceD6699 1648. General Procedure for Using Bailers8.1 The sampler and suspension line is to be clean and free from other contaminating materials that could be carried into thehole.8.2 A pail or other suitable container should be used for storage, payout, and retrieval of the suspension
43、line.8.3 The suspension line should be measured and marked to the depth required for the desired sample. The measurement to thepoint where the sample is taken must be from the reference point.NOTE 2It is extremely important to secure the end of the suspension line to a fixed object prior to lowering
44、 the bailer into a well or unit so that itmay not be accidentally lost during the sampling event.8.3 Aclean pail or other clean container should be used to contain the suspension line during the lowering and retrieval process.8.4 The surface around the sampling site should be clean as possible.FIG.
45、4 Double Valve BailerFIG. 5 Differential Pressure BailerD6699 165NOTE 3Apolyethylene sheet can be an effective method to protect both the sampling equipment and the area surrounding the well from contaminationfrom sampling spills.8.5 The bailer is attached to the suspension line and lowered into the
46、 liquid to be sampled.8.6 The bailer is raised to the surface, the outside wiped, and its contents emptied into labeled sample containers and stored.NOTE 4It is advisable to use a disposable wipe or equivalent to clean the suspension line and bailer during the retrieval process when sampling amateri
47、al known to be hazardous.9. Bailer Procedures by Type9.1 Single Check Valve Bailer (Top-Emptying and Bottom-Emptying) Procedure:9.1.1 Attach the suspension line to a clean bailer and gently lower the bailer to the desired depth usually just below the surface.The sample will enter the chamber through
48、 the bottom upon reaching the sampling surface.9.1.1.1 The lowering rate should minimize disturbance to the medium to be sampled.9.1.1.2 The check ball will seat when the bailer stops its downward movement and will remain closed as long as there is nodownward movement during retrieval.9.1.2 Retrieva
49、l of the bailer must be slow and continuous.9.1.2.1 As the bailer is being retrieved, the suspension line is wiped.9.1.3 The outside of the bailer is wiped.9.1.4 Transfer the bailer contents into a clean labeled sample container by pouring the contents slowly from the top of the baileror from the bottom using bailer emptying devices such as those found in Figs. 6 and 3.NOTE 5If the bailer is being emptied from the top, rapid emptying may cause the check valve to accidentally release, spilling the contents.9.1.4.1 Bottom-emptying bailers using controlled flow valv
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