1、Designation: D6816 11Standard Practice forDetermining Low-Temperature Performance Grade (PG) ofAsphalt Binders1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6816; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the calculation of low-temperatureproperties of asphalt binders using data from the bending beamrh
3、eometer (see Test Method D6648) (BBR) and the directtension tester (see Test Method D6723) (DTT). It can be usedon data from unaged material or from material aged using TestMethod D2872 (RTFOT), Practice D6521 (PAV), or TestMethod D2872 (RTFOT) and Practice D6521 (PAV). It can beused on data generat
4、ed within the temperature range from+6C to -36C. This practice generates data suitable for use inbinder specifications such as Specification D6373.1.2 This practice is only valid for data on materials that fallwithin the scope of suitability for both Test Method D6648 andTest Method D6723.1.3 This p
5、ractice can be used to determine the following:1.3.1 Critical cracking temperature of an asphalt binder, and1.3.2 Whether or not the failure stress exceeds the thermalstress in a binder at a given temperature.1.4 This practice determines the critical cracking tempera-ture for a typical asphalt binde
6、r based on the determination ofthe temperature where the asphalt binders strength equals itsthermal stress as calculated by this practice.The temperature sodetermined is intended to yield a low temperature PG Grade ofthe sample being tested. The low temperature PG grade isintended for use in purchas
7、e specifications and is not intendedto be a performance prediction of the HMA (Hot Mix Asphalt)in which the asphalt binder is used.1.5 The development of this standard was based on SI units.In cases where units have been omitted, SI units are implied.1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials
8、, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prio
9、r to use.NOTE 1The algorithms contained in this standard require implemen-tation by a person trained in the subject of numerical methods andviscoelasticity. However, due to the complexity of the calculations theymust, of necessity, be performed on a computer. Software to perform thecalculation may b
10、e written, purchased as a spreadsheet, or as a stand-aloneprogram.22. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pave-mentsD2872 Test Method for Effect
11、of Heat andAir on a MovingFilm of Asphalt (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test)D6373 Specification for Performance Graded AsphaltBinderD6521 Practice for Accelerated Aging of Asphalt BinderUsing a Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV)D6648 Test Method for Determining the Flexural CreepStiffness of Asphalt Binder U
12、sing the Bending BeamRheometer (BBR)D6723 Test Method for Determining the Fracture Propertiesof Asphalt Binder in Direct Tension (DT)43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms used inthis standard, refer to Terminology D8.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 A
13、rrhenius parameter, a1, nthis is the constant coef-ficient in the Arrhenius model for shift factors: ln(aT)=a1(1/T) (1/Tref).3.2.2 coeffcient of linear thermal expansion, a, nthefractional change in size in one dimension associated with atemperature increase of 1C.1This practice is under the jurisdi
14、ction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road andPaving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.44 onRheological Tests.Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Last previousedition published 2002 as D681602 which was withdrawn 2007 and reinstated inJuly 2011. DOI: 1
15、0.1520/D6816-11.2The sole source of supply of the software package TSAR known to thecommittee at this time is Abatech, Incorporated. If you are aware of alternativesuppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meet
16、ing of the responsibletechnical committee1, which you may attend.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM webs
17、ite.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.3 creep compliance, D(T,t), nthe reciprocal of thestiffness of a material, 1/S (T,
18、t), at temperature T and time t,which may also be expressed using reduced time, j,asD(Tref,j).3.2.4 critical cracking temperature, Tcr, nthe tempera-ture, estimated using this practice, at which the inducedthermal stress in a material exceeds its fracture stress; thecritical cracking temperature is
19、a “single event cracking” limitprediction which does not include the effect of low temperaturethermal fatigue.3.2.5 failure stress, sf, nthe tensile stress value at thepoint of failure obtained from Test Method D6723.3.2.6 glassy modulus, nthe modulus at which the binderexhibits glass-like behavior,
20、 which is assumed to be equal to33109Pa.3.2.7 induced thermal stress, sth, nthe stress induced in amaterial by cooling it while it is restrained so that it cannotcontract.3.2.8 master curve, na composite curve at a single refer-ence temperature, Tref, which can be constructed by shifting,along the l
21、og time or log frequency axis, a series of overlap-ping modulus data curves at various test temperatures; themodulus data curve at the reference temperature is not shifted;the shifted smooth curve is called the master curve at thereference temperature.3.2.9 pavement constant, C, na constant factor t
22、hat servesas a damage transfer function to convert the thermal stressescalculated from laboratory data to the thermal stresses gener-ated in the pavement. The damage transfer function is neededto account for the differences in the strain rates experienced bythe distribution of binder films in the pa
23、vement and the bulkstrain rate used in the Test Method D6723 DTT test. Fulldetails on the determination of the pavement constant may befound in Refs (1)5and (2), copies of which are on file atASTMInternational. After extensive analysis, the most appropriatepavement constant was determined to be 18.
24、The pavementconstant of 18 is based on the most current available pavementperformance data. The Federal Highway Administration(FHWA) and the Transportation Research Board (TRB) BinderExpert Task Group (ETG) continue to collect and analyze fieldperformance data. In the future, based on these analyses
25、, thepavement constant will be adjusted as appropriate. The pave-ment constant is an empirical factor required to relate binderthermal stress to the pavement thermal stress.NOTE 2Research suggests that changing the pavement constant from16 to 24 results ina2to4Cchange in the critical cracking temper
26、ature,which is less than one low temperature grade interval (6C).3.2.10 reduced time, j, nthe computed loading time at thereference temperature, Tref, equivalent to actual loading attemperature T, which is determined by dividing actual loadingtime, t, at temperature T, by the shift factor, aT, j = t
27、/aT.3.2.11 reference temperature, Tref, nthe temperature atwhich the master curve is constructed.3.2.12 relaxation modulus, E(T,t), nthe modulus of amaterial determined using a strain-controlled (relaxation) ex-periment at temperature T and time t, which may also beexpressed using reduced time as E
28、(Tref,j).3.2.13 shift factor, aT, nthe shift in the time or frequencydomain associated with a shift from temperature T to thereference, Tref.3.2.14 stiffness modulus, S(T,t), nthe modulus (stress/strain) of a material at temperature T and time t, which mayalso be expressed using reduced time as S (T
29、ref,j).3.2.15 specification temperature, Tspec, nthe specifiedlow-temperature grade of the binder being verified.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes the procedure used to calculatethe relaxation modulus master curve and subsequently thethermally induced stress curve for an asphalt bind
30、er from datagenerated on the BBR.4.2 The stiffness master curve is calculated from the stiff-ness versus time data measured in the BBR at two tempera-tures. The fitting procedure follows Christensen-Anderson-Marasteanu (CAM) rheological model for asphalt binder. Thestiffness master curve is then con
31、verted to the creep compli-ance curve by taking its inverse.4.3 The creep compliance is converted to relaxation modu-lus using the Hopkins and Hammings method (4), which isfitted to the CAM model. The Hopkins and Hamming methodis a numerical solution of the convolution integral.4.4 The thermally ind
32、uced stress is calculated by numeri-cally solving the convolution integral.4.5 The thermal stress calculations are based on Boltz-manns Superposition Principle for linear viscoelastic materi-als. The calculated thermally induced stress is then multipliedby the Pavement Constant to predict the therma
33、l stress pro-duced in the hot-mix asphalt pavement. A value of 18 (eigh-teen) is used for the Pavement Constant.4.6 The calculated thermal stress is then compared to thefailure stress from DTT to determine the critical crackingtemperature of the pavement.5. Significance and Use5.1 Estimated critical
34、 cracking temperature, as determinedby this practice, is a criterion for specifying the low-temperature properties of asphalt binder in accordance withSpecification D6373.5.2 This practice is designed to identify the temperatureregion where the induced thermal stress in a typical HMAsubjected to rap
35、id cooling (1C/h) exceeds the fracture stress ofthe HMA.5.3 For evaluating an asphalt binder for conformance toSpecification D6373, the test temperature for the BBR andDTT data is selected from Table 1 of Specification D6373according to the grade of asphalt binder.NOTE 3Other rates of elongation and
36、 test temperatures may be usedto test asphalt binders for research purposes.6. Methodology and Required Data6.1 This practice uses data from both BBR and DTTmeasurements on an asphalt binder.6.1.1 The DTT data required is stress at failure obtained bytesting at a strain rate of 3 %/min. For continuo
37、us grade and PG5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.D6816 112grade determination DTT results are required at a minimum oftwo test temperatures. The DTT tests shall be conducted atSpecification D6373 specification test temperatures at the 6Ci
38、ncrements that represent the low temperature binder grade.For pass-fail determination, DTTresults are required at a singletemperature that is the low temperature grade plus 10C.6.1.2 Two BBR data sets at two different temperatures arerequired with deflection measurements at 8, 15, 30, 60, 120,and 24
39、0 s. The BBR test temperatures T and T minus 6C (T-6)are selected such that S (T,60) 300MPa. T shall be one of the Specification D6373 specificationtest temperatures at the 6C increments that represent the lowtemperature binder grade.7. Calculations7.1 Calculation of the Stiffness Master Curve:7.1.1
40、 BBR Compliance DataD (T,t) = compliance at timet and temperature T D (T,8), D (T,15), D (T,30), D (T,60),D(T,120), D (T,240), D(T-6,8), D (T-6,15), D (T-6,30), D(T-6,60), D (T-6,120), D (T-6,240).7.1.2 BBR Stiffness Data is calculated as S (T,t)=1/D (T,t)7.1.3 Let the shift factor at the reference
41、temperature aT=1.Determine aT-6, the shift factor for the data at temperatureT-6C, numerically using Gordon and Shaws method toproduce master curves. The reference temperature shall be thehigher of the two test temperatures. The linear coefficient ofthermal expansion, above and below the glass trans
42、itiontemperature, shall be 0.00017 m/m/C. The glass transitiontemperature is taken as -20C.NOTE 4This procedure is described in Gordon/Shaw (3)the mastercurve procedure is the SHIFTT routine found in Chapter 5. The value of-20C is used for the glass transition temperature but has no effect on thecal
43、culation as the linear expansion coefficient is assumed to be the sameeither side of this temperature. Although a constant value of the linearcoefficient of thermal expansion alpha is assumed, asphalt binders mayhave variable values of alpha. The alpha for mixes, however, has beenshown by various re
44、searchers to be approximately constant and does notvary with asphalt binders.7.1.4 From aT-6calculate the Arrhenius parameter from thefollowing equations:lnaT26! 5 a1S1Tref2 6!21TrefD(1)a15lnaT26!S1Tref2 6! 21TrefD(2)NOTE 5The Gordon/Shaw method uses a shift factor (aT) in the formof a base 10 log (
45、log10). However, this specification is based on the naturallog (ln or loge).7.1.5 Reduced time, j, for data at temperature T, is deter-mined by integrating the reciprocal of the shift factor withrespect to time in the following equation:zt! 5*0t dt8aT(3)When T is constant with time, this reduces to
46、the followingequation:jt! 5taT(4)7.1.6 For all 12 values S (T,t) obtained then becomes S(Tref,j) with time being replaced by reduced time.7.1.7 The values are fitted to the Christensen-Anderson-Marasteanu (CAM) (5) model for asphalt master curves in thefollowing equation:STref,j! 5 SglassyF1 1SjlDbG
47、2k/b(5)where:Sglassy= the assumed glassy modulus for the binder:Sglassy=33109Pa.7.1.8 Fit the resulting master curve data to this equationusing a non-linear least squares fitting method to achieve a rootmean square error, rms(%), of less than or equal to 1.25 %.Appendix X1 contains an example calcul
48、ation of this errorcriterion.7.2 Convert Stiffness Master Curve to Tensile RelaxationModulus Master Curve:7.2.1 Use Hopkins and Hammings method to convert creepcompliance values D (Tref,j)=1/S (Tref,j) to relaxation modulusE (Tref,j).NOTE 6This procedure is described in Ref (4).7.2.2 The glassy modu
49、lus value of 33109Pa shall beadopted in the analysis for S (Tref,1310-8s) = E (Tref,1310-8s).Calculate relaxation modulus data points using the followingiterative formula from t =1310-8to t =13107s with intervalsof 4 points per decade1.000, 1.778, 3.162 and 5.623(100.0,100.25,100.5,100.75).Etn112! 5tn112(i50n21ESti112Dtn112 ti! 2 tn112 ti11!#tn112 tn!(6)where,tn11! 5 tn! 112Dtn11! 1 Dtn!#tn112 tn# (7)Use the same time intervals as above and use (t0)=0.Acubic spline has been found to be suitable for interpola
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