ASTM D6868-2011 red 3125 Standard Specification for Labeling of End Items that Incorporate Plastics and Polymers as Coatings or Additives with Paper and Other Substrates Designed t.pdf

1、Designation:D686803 Designation: D6868 11Standard Specification forBiodegradable Plastics Used as Coatings on Paper andOther Compostable SubstratesLabeling of End Items thatIncorporate Plastics and Polymers as Coatings or Additiveswith Paper and Other Substrates Designed to be AerobicallyComposted i

2、n Municipal or Industrial Facilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapprova

3、l. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1This specification covers biodegradable plastics and products (including packaging), where plastic film or sheet is attached(either through lamination or extrusion directly onto the paper) to su

4、bstrates and the entire product or package is designed to becomposted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities.1.2This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging, usingcoatings of biodegradable plastics, as “co

5、mpostable in municipal and industrial composting facilities.”1.3The properties in this specification are those required to determine if products (including packaging) using plastic films orsheets will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials.

6、 Further, theproperties in the specification are required to assure that the degradation of these materials will not diminish the value or utilityof the compost resulting from the composting process.1.4This standard does not describe contents or their performance with regard to compostability or bio

7、degradability.1.51.1 This specification covers end items that include plastics or polymers where plastic film/ sheet or polymers are incorporated(either through lamination, extrusion or mixing) to substrates and the entire end item is designed to be composted under aerobicconditions in municipal and

8、 industrial composting facilities, where thermophilic temperatures are achieved.1.2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of end items which use plastics or polymers ascoatings or binders, as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities.”

9、1.3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if end items (including packaging) which use plastics andpolymers as coatings or binders will compost satisfactorily, in large scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting wheremaximum throughput is a high priority and wher

10、e intermediate stages of plastic biodegradation should not be visible to the enduser for aesthetic reasons.1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purportto address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its u

11、se. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establishappropriate health and safety practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE1No equivalent ISO specifications exist for this standard. 1There is no known ISO equivalent for this standard.2

12、. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD3715/D3715M Practice for Quality Assurance of Pressure-Sensitive TapesD5338 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials Under Controlled Composting ConditionsD6002 Guide for Assessing the Comp

13、ostability of Environmentally Degradable PlasticsD6400 Specification for Compostable Plastics Specification for Compostable Plastics1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.96 on Environmentally DegradablePla

14、stics.Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published August 2003. DOI: 10.1520/D6868-03.on Environmentally Degradable Plastics and Biobased Products.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2011. Published February 2011. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D6868 - 03. D

15、OI:10.1520/D6868-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard

16、and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases onl

17、y the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D6866 Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous

18、Samples Using RadiocarbonAnalysis2.2 Organization for Economic Development (OECD) Standard:OECD Guideline 208 Terrestrial Plants, Growth Test32.3 Comite Europeen de Normalisation (CEN):EN 13432 Packaging-Requirements for Packaging Recoverable through Composting and Biodegradation-Test Scheme andEval

19、uation Criteria for the Final Acceptance of Packaging42.4 ISO Standards:4ISO 14851 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous mediumMethod bymeasuring the oxygen demand in a closed respirometerISO 14852 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradabi

20、lity of plastic materials in an aqueous mediumMethod byanalysis of evolved carbon dioxideISO 14855 Evaluation of the Ultimate Aerobic Biodegradability and Disintegration of Plastics under Controlled CompostingConditions-Method by Analysis of Evolved Carbon DioxideISO 16929 Determination of the degre

21、e of disintegration of plastic materials under defined composting conditions in apilot-scale test2.5 Government Standard:40 CFR Part 503.13 Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge53. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Definitions-DefinitionsDefinitions appearing in this specification are found i

22、n Terminology D883, unlessotherwise noted.3.1.1biodegradable plastica degradable plastic in which the degradation results from the action of naturally occurringmicroorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae.3.1.2compostable plastica plastic that undergoes degradation by biological processes durin

23、g composting to yield CO2, water,inorganic compounds, and biomass at a rate consistent with other known compostable materials and leave no visible,distinguishable or toxic residue.3.1.3compostinga managed process that controls the biological decomposition and transformation of biodegradable material

24、sinto a humus-like substance called compost: the aerobic mesophilic and thermophilic degradation of organic matter to makecompost; the transformation of biologically decomposable material through a controlled process of biooxidation that proceedthrough mesophilic and thermophilic phases and results

25、in the production of carbon dioxide, water, minerals, and stabilized organicmatter (compost or humus).3.1.3.1DiscussionComposting uses a natural process to stabilize mixed decomposable organic material recovered frommunicipal solid waste, yard trimmings, biosolids (digested sewage sludge), certain i

26、ndustrial residues and commercial residues.3.1.4degradable plastica plastic designed to undergo a significant change in its chemical structure under specificenvironmental conditions, resulting in a loss of some properties that may be measured by standard test methods appropriate to theplastic and th

27、e application in a period of time that determines its classification.3.1.5materials of natural originChemically unmodified packaging materials and constituents of natural origin, such as wood,wood fibre, cotton fibre, starch, paper pulp or jute.3.1.6plastica material that contains as an essential in

28、gredient one or more organic polymeric substances of large molecularweight, is solid in its finished state, and, at some stage in its manufacture or processing into finished articles, can be shaped byflow.3.1.7polymera substance consisting of molecules characterized by the repetition (neglecting end

29、s, branch junctions, otherminor irregularities) of one or more types of monomeric units. , unless otherwise noted.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 materials of natural origin, nChemically unmodified ligno-cellulosic packaging materials and constituents of naturalorigin, such

30、as wood, wood fibre, cotton fibre, starch, paper pulp or jute.3.3 Definition found in Terminology Practice D3715/D3715M:3.3.1 end itemthe actual product or commodity being sold under the material specification. It is in its most complete form andmay be either packed for shipping or at a production s

31、tage just preceding packing.4. Classification4.1The purpose of this specification is to establish standards for identifying products and materials, where biodegradable plastic3Available from Organization for Economic Development, Director of Information, 2 rue Andre Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, Fra

32、nce.3Available from Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2 rue Andr Pascal, F-75775, Paris Cedex 16, France, http:/www.oecd.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Code of Federal Re

33、gulations, available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.5Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.D6868 112is used as a coating on a compostable or biodeg

34、radable substrate that will compost satisfactorily in commercial and municipalcomposting facilities. Products meeting the requirements outlined below are appropriate for labeling as “compostable” inaccordance with the guidelines issued by the Federal Trade Commission.4.1 The purpose of this specific

35、ation is to establish requirements for identifying end items, where plastics or polymers are usedas a coating or incorporated into a substrate so that they do not interfere with their satisfactorily composting in commercial andmunicipal aerobic composting facilities. Products meeting the requirement

36、s outlined below should be labeled as “compostable inmunicipal or industrial aerobic composting facilities” in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Federal Trade Commission6as long as proper qualifications as to the availability of such facilities are included on the label.”5. Basic Requirem

37、ents5.1 In order to compost satisfactorily, a product or materialan end item must demonstrate each of the characteristics found in5.1.1-5.1.3, and which are quantified in Section 6.5.1.1 Disintegration During CompostingA product or material An end item will disintegrate during composting such thatan

38、y remaining residuals (plastic, polymer, or substrate) are not readily distinguishable from the other organic materials in thefinished product. Additionally, the material or product must not be found in significant quantities during screening prior to finaldistribution of the compost.5.1.2 Inherent

39、BiodegradationA level of inherent biodegradation for the plastic coatings shall be established by tests undercontrolled conditions, that are comparable to known compostable materials. BiodegradationA level of biodegradation for theplastic coatings and additives shall be established by tests under co

40、ntrolled conditions.5.1.3 No Adverse Impacts on Ability of Compost to Support Plant GrowthAfter incorporation with soils, the tested productsor materials end items shall not adversely impact on the ability of composts to support plant growth, when compared to compostsderived from biowaste without an

41、y addition of tested end items or reference materials. Additionally, the polymeric products orother materials must not introduce unacceptable levels of heavy metals or other toxic substances into the environment, upon sampledecomposition.NOTE 2For a better understanding of why these criteria are imp

42、ortant, the reader should consult Guide D6002, Compost Facility Operating Guide,7and EN 13432.6. Detailed Requirements6.1In order to be identified as compostable, products must pass the requirements of6.1 In order to be identified as compostable in municipal or industrial aerobic facilities, end ite

43、ms must pass the requirementsof 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4 using the appropriate laboratory tests, representative of the conditions found in aerobic composting facilities,which reach thermophilic temperatures. P End items (products and finished articles) shall be tested in the same form as they areintended t

44、o be used. For products end items that are made in multiple thicknesses or densities, such as films, containers and foams,only the thickest or most dense products need to be tested as long as the chemical composition and structure remains otherwisethe same. It is assumed that thinner gauges and lowe

45、r densities will also compost satisfactorily. Similarly, if additives are presentin test samples that pass testing, lower levels of the same additives are similarly passed.6.2 Disintegration During CompostingAproduct, having a plastic coating, An end item is considered to have demonstratedsatisfacto

46、ry disintegration if after twelve weeks in a controlled composting test, no more than 10 % of its original dry weightremains after sieving on a 2.0-mm sieve. The use of Test Method D5338, without the carbon dioxide-trapping component, orISO 16929 are suitable methods of generating laboratory thermop

47、hilic composting conditions.6.3 Inherent BiodegradationA product, having a plastic coating(s) is considered to have demonstrated inherent biodegrad-ability if the criteria in sections BiodegradationAn end item, having a plastic coating(s) or additives are considered to haveachieved a satisfactory le

48、vel of biodegradation if the criteria in 6.3.1 and 6.3.2 are met or exceeded.6.3.1 The plastic coating must meet the specifications in ASTM The plastic coating or polymeric additives must meet therequirements of subsection 6.3 of Specification D6400.6.3.2 The substrates are to individually demonstra

49、te that 90% of the organic carbon is converted to carbon dioxide using TestMethod Substrates used in the end item must individually satisfy the requirements of 6.3.2.1 or 6.3.2.2, and 6.3.3.6.3.2.1 The substrates of the end item are to individually demonstrate that 90 % of the organic carbon is converted to carbondioxide using Test Method D5338 within a 180 days at 58C (62C), when compared to the positive control. The testing methodshall be Test Method D5338 unless it is inappropriate for the type and properties of the material. As an alternative, onlyi