ASTM D6890-2009 4375 Standard Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay and Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils by Combustion in a Constant Volume Chamber.pdf

1、Designation: D 6890 09Standard Test Method forDetermination of Ignition Delay and Derived Cetane Number(DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils by Combustion in a ConstantVolume Chamber1, 2This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6890; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea

2、r oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This automated laboratory test method covers the quan-

3、titative determination of the ignition characteristics of conven-tional diesel fuel oil, oil-sands based fuels, blends of fuelcontaining biodiesel material, diesel fuel oils containing cetanenumber improver additives, and is applicable to productstypical of ASTM Specification D 975 grades No. 1-D an

4、d 2-Dregular and low-sulfur diesel fuel oils, European standardEN 590, and Canadian standards CAN/CGSB-3.517 and 3.6-2000. The test method may also be applied to the quantitativedetermination of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuelblending components.1.2 This test method measures the ignition

5、 delay and utilizesa constant volume combustion chamber with direct fuel injec-tion into heated, compressed air. An equation correlates anignition delay determination to cetane number by Test MethodD 613, resulting in a derived cetane number (DCN).1.3 This test method covers the ignition delay range

6、 from3.3 to 6.4 ms (61 to 34 DCN). The combustion analyzer canmeasure shorter and longer ignition delays, but precision maybe affected. For these shorter or longer ignition delays thecorrelation equation for DCN is given in Appendix X2. Thereis no information about how DCNs outside the 34 to 61 rang

7、ecompare to Test Method D 613 cetane numbers.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility o

8、f the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD 1193 Sp

9、ecification for Reagent WaterD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of LiquidSamp

10、les of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD 6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System PerformanceD 6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricant

11、sD 6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improve-ment of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methodsthat Purport to Measure the Same Property of a MaterialE 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 4010 Diesel EnginesCalibrating Nozzle, DelayPintle TypeISO 4259

12、 Petroleum productsDetermination and applica-tion of precision data in relation to methods of test2.3 EN Standard:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.01 on Combustion Characteristics

13、.Current edition approved April 15, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 689008.2This test method is based on IP PM CQ/2001, published in the IP StandardMethods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products and BritishStan

14、dard 2000 Parts. Copyrighted by Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish Street,London, W1G 7AR, UK. Adapted with permission of Energy Institute.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume

15、 information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th floor,New York, NY 10036.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO

16、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.EN 590 Automotive FuelsDieselRequirements andTest Methods52.4 Energy Institute Standard:IP 41 Ignition Quality of Diesel FuelsCetane Engine TestMethod62.5 Canadian Standards:CAN/CGSB-3.517-2000 Automotive Low Sulfur DieselFuelSpecification7CA

17、N/CGSB 3.6-2000 Automotive Diesel FuelSpecification73. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value (ARV), nvalue that servesas an agreed-upon reference for comparison and that is derivedas (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned value, bas

18、ed on experimental workof some national or international organization, such as the U.S.National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), or (3)a consensus value, based on collaborative experimental workunder the auspices of a scientific or engineering group.E 4563.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context

19、 of this test method,accepted reference value is understood to apply to the ignitiondelay of specific reference materials determined under repro-ducibility conditions by collaborative experimental work.3.1.2 cetane number, nmeasure of the ignition perfor-mance of a diesel fuel oil obtained by compar

20、ing it to referencefuels in a standardized engine test. D 41753.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,cetane number is that defined by Test Method D 613/IP 41.3.1.3 check standard, nin QC testing, material having anaccepted reference value used to determine the accuracy of ameasurement

21、system. D 62993.1.3.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,check standard refers to heptane.3.1.4 quality control (QC) sample, nfor use in qualityassurance programs to determine and monitor the precision andstability of a measurement system, a stable and homogeneousmaterial having physical o

22、r chemical properties, or both,similar to those of typical samples tested by the analyticalmeasurement system. The material is properly stored to ensuresample integrity, and is available in sufficient quantity forrepeated, long term testing. D 62993.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3

23、.2.1 calibration reference material, npure chemical hav-ing an assigned ignition delay accepted reference value.3.2.2 charge air, ncompressed air at a specified pressureintroduced to the combustion chamber at the beginning of eachtest cycle.3.2.3 charge air temperature, ntemperature, in C, of theair

24、 inside the combustion chamber.3.2.4 combustion analyzer, nintegrated compression igni-tion apparatus to measure the ignition characteristics of dieselfuel oil.3.2.5 derived cetane number (DCN), nnumber calculatedusing an equation that correlates a combustion analyzer igni-tion delay result to cetan

25、e number by Test Method D 613.3.2.6 ignition delay (ID), nthat period of time, in milli-seconds (ms), between the start of fuel injection and the start ofcombustion as determined using the specific combustion ana-lyzer applicable for this test method.3.2.6.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test met

26、hod, startof fuel injection is interpreted as the initial movement or lift ofthe injector nozzle needle as measured by a motion sensor; startof combustion is interpreted as that point in the combustioncycle when a significant and sustained increase in rate-of-change in pressure, as measured by a pre

27、ssure sensor in thecombustion chamber, ensures combustion is in progress.3.2.7 operating period, nthe time, not to exceed 12 h,between successive calibration or QC testing, or both, of thecombustion analyzer by a single operator.3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 ARVaccepted reference value.3.3.2 CNcetane numb

28、er.3.3.3 DCNderived cetane number.3.3.4 IDignition delay.3.3.5 QCquality control.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A small specimen of diesel fuel oil is injected into aheated, temperature-controlled constant volume chamber,which has previously been charged with compressed air. Eachinjection produces a s

29、ingle-shot, compression ignition combus-tion cycle. ID is measured using sensors that detect the start offuel injection and the start of significant combustion for eachcycle. A complete sequence comprises 15 preliminary cyclesand 32 further cycles. The ID measurements for the last 32cycles are avera

30、ged to produce the ID result. An equationcorrelates the ID result to cetane number by Test MethodD 613, resulting in a DCN.5. Significance and Use5.1 The ID and DCN values determined by this test methodcan provide a measure of the ignition characteristics of dieselfuel oil in compression ignition en

31、gines.5.2 This test can be used by engine manufacturers, petro-leum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a specifica-tion aid to relate or match fuels and engines.5.3 The relationship of diesel fuel oil DCN determinationsto the performance of full-scale, variable-speed, variable-loaddiesel eng

32、ines is not completely understood.5.4 This test may be applied to non-conventional fuels. It isrecognized that the performance of non-conventional fuels infull-scale engines is not completely understood. The user istherefore cautioned to investigate the suitability of ignitioncharacteristic measurem

33、ents for predicting performance infull-scale engines for these types of fuels.5.5 This test determines ignition characteristics and requiresa sample of approximately 100 mL and a test time ofapproximately 20 min on a fit-for-use instrument.5Available from European Committee for Standardization. Cent

34、ral Secretariat:rue de Stassart, 36, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.6Available from Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G7AR, U.K.7Available from the Canadian General Standards Board, Gatineau, Canada, K1A1G6.D68900926. Interferences6.1 Minimize exposure of sample fuels, calibration re

35、fer-ence materials, QC samples, and check standard to sunlight orfluorescent lamp UV emissions to minimize induced chemicalreactions that can affect ignition delay measurements.86.1.1 Exposure of these fuels and materials to UV wave-lengths shorter than 550 nanometers for a short period of timemay s

36、ignificantly affect ignition delay measurements.NOTE 1The formation of peroxide and radicals can effect ignitiondelay measurement. These formations are minimized when the sample ormaterial is stored in the dark in a cold room at a temperature of less than10C, and covered by a blanket of nitrogen.6.2

37、 Statistical analysis of data from a sequential testingstudy (Note 2) revealed a possible carryover effect in succeed-ing tests on samples containing 2ethylhexylnitrate cetaneimprover at concentrations above 2000 ppm.NOTE 2In the sequential testing study, a fuel without cetane improverwas tested thr

38、ee times back-to-back. Then a fuel with 2ethylhexylnitratecetane improver at concentrations above 2000 ppm was tested. Subse-quently, the same fuel without cetane improver was tested three times.Statistical analyses of repeat data on two units were examined forevidence of hysteresis.7. Apparatus7.1

39、GeneralThis test method uses an integrated auto-mated analytical measurement system9comprised of: (1)aconstant volume compression ignition combustion chamberwith external electrical heating elements, suitable insulationand pneumatically actuated intake and exhaust valves, (2)aheated, pneumatically a

40、ctuated fuel injection system10withpump, injector nozzle assembly, and associated sample reser-voir, (3) a coolant system with a liquid-to-air heat exchanger,filter, circulating pump and flow control valves, (4) tempera-ture thermocouples, pressure gages and sensors, an injectornozzle needle motion

41、sensor, compressed gas pressure regula-tors, control valves, pneumatic actuator components, andsolenoid valves, and (5) a computer to control test sequencing,acquire and accumulate sensor signal data, provide processingcalculations, and automatically output a printed report of someimportant test par

42、ameters (see Fig. 1).7.2 See Annex A2, Combustion Analyzer Equipment De-scription and Specifications, for detailed information.7.3 Compressed Gas Pressure Regulators:7.3.1 Charge Air Regulator, a two-stage regulator capableof controlling the downstream pressure to a minimum pressureof 2.2 MPa.7.3.2

43、Actuator Utility Compressed Air Regulator, a two-stage regulator capable of controlling the downstream pressureto a minimum pressure of 1.3 MPa.7.3.3 Fuel Reservoir Utility Compressed Nitrogen Regula-tor, a single or two-stage regulator capable of controlling thedownstream pressure to a minimum pres

44、sure of 350 kPa.7.4 Auxiliary Apparatus:7.4.1 Diesel Fuel Oil Sample Filter, a single-use glass fiber,polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), or nylon filter with a nominalpore size of 3 to 5 micrometers (m) for use with a glasssyringe.7.4.2 Syringe, a glass syringe of a minimum volume of100 mL.8. Reagents a

45、nd Materials8.1 Calibration Reference Materials:8.1.1 Heptane (n-heptane), with a minimum purity of 99.5volume percent. The assigned IDARVfor this material is 3.78ms. (WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful. Vapor may causeflash fire.)8.1.2 Methylcyclohexane (MCH), with a minimum purity of99.0 volume perce

46、nt. The assigned IDARVfor this material is10.4 ms. (WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful. Vapor maycause flash fire.)NOTE 3Experience has found some MCH meeting the purity speci-fication but which does not meet Ignition DelayARV(typically 1 to 1.5milliseconds shorter). It is recommended that new material

47、 be qualifiedprior to use.8.2 Check Standard:8.2.1 Heptane (n-heptane), with a minimum purity of 99.5volume percent. The assigned IDARVfor this material is 3.78ms. (WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful. Vapor may causeflash fire.)8.3 Quality Control Sample, a stable and homogeneousdiesel fuel oil having

48、physical and chemical properties similarto those of typical sample fuels routinely tested. (WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful.)8.4 Charge Air, compressed air containing 20.9 6 1.0volume percent oxygen, less than 0.003 volume percenthydrocarbons, and less than 0.025 volume percent water. Forcharge ai

49、r cylinders supplied with a blend of oxygen andnitrogen, it is required that a quality control test be performedafter an air cylinder has been changed. (WarningCompressed gas under high pressure that supports combus-tion.)8.5 Coolant System Fluid, a 50:50 volume mixture of waterand commercial ethylene glycol-based antifreeze. (WarningPoison. May be harmful or fatal if inhaled or swallowed.)8.5.1 Antifreeze, commercial automotive cooling systemethylene glycol-based solution.8.5.2 Water, distilled or reagent-grade, conforming to Speci-fication D