ASTM D6913-2004e2 752 Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis.pdf

1、Designation: D 6913 042Standard Test Methods forParticle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using SieveAnalysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6913; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea

2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial corrections were made throughout in January 2005.2NOTEEditorial corrections were made to Table 2 in August 200

3、8.INTRODUCTIONAlthough this test method has been used for many years, there are vast testing variations requireddue to soil types and conditions. The test is more complicated and complex than would be expected.Multiple procedures are being presented along with new terminology. Although these procedu

4、res arenot new, they will now be defined and explained. Some examples of these new terms are compositesieving, designated separating sieve and subspecimen. This test method outlines the majority ofconditions and procedures but does not cover every conceivable variation or contingency. The tableof co

5、ntents in the Scope section is added to enable the user to easily find a specific topic orrequirement. Only sections/subsections with titles are presented. Therefore, numbered subsections willnot be continuous in some cases, as indicated in the Scope section.1. Scope1.1 Soils consist of particles wi

6、th various shapes and sizes.This test method is used to separate particles into size rangesand to determine quantitatively the mass of particles in eachrange. These data are combined to determine the particle-sizedistribution (gradation). This test method uses a square open-ing sieve criterion in de

7、termining the gradation of soil betweenthe 3-in. (75-mm) and No. 200 (75-m) sieves.1.2 The terms, soils and material, are used interchangeablythroughout the standard.1.3 In cases where the gradation of particles larger than 3 in.(75 mm) sieve is required, Test Method D 5519 may be used.1.4 In cases

8、where the gradation of particles smaller thanNo. 200 (75-m) sieve is required, Test Method D 4222may beused.1.5 Typically, if the maximum particle size is equal to orless than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve), then single-set sieving isapplicable. Furthermore, if the maximum particle size isgreater than 4.75 m

9、m (No. 4 sieve) and equal to or less than 9.5mm (38-in sieve), then either single-set sieving or compositesieving is applicable. Finally, if the maximum particle size isequal to or greater than 19.0 mm (34-in sieve), compositesieving is applicable. For special conditions see 10.3.1.6 Two test method

10、s are provided in this standard. Themethods differ in the significant digits recorded and the size ofthe specimen (mass) required. The method to be used may bespecified by the requesting authority; otherwise MethodAshallbe performed.1.6.1 Method AThe percentage (by mass) passing eachsieve size is re

11、corded to the nearest 1 %. This method must beused when performing composite sieving. For cases of dis-putes, Method A is the referee method.1.6.2 Method BThe percentage (by mass) passing eachsieve size is recorded to the nearest 0.1 %. This method is onlyapplicable for single sieve-set sieving and

12、when the maximumparticle size is equal to or less than the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.1.7 This test method does not cover, in any detail, procure-ment of the sample. It is assumed that the sample is obtainedusing appropriate methods and is representative.1.8 Sample ProcessingThree procedures (moist, air

13、dry,and oven dry) are provided to process the sample to obtain aspecimen. The procedure selected will depend on the type of1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticityand Density Charac

14、teristics of Soils.Current edition approved Feb. 11, 2005. Published September 2004.2Currently Subcommittee D18.03 is preparing a new test method (HydrometerAnalysis or Combined Sieve and Hydrometer Analysis) to replace D 422.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co

15、nshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.sample, the maximum particle-size in the sample, the range ofparticle sizes, the initial conditions of the material, the plastic-ity of the material, the efficiency, and the need for other testingon the sample. The procedure may be specified by therequesting

16、authority; otherwise the guidance given in Section10 shall be followed.1.9 This test method typically requires two or three days tocomplete, depending on the type and size of the sample andsoil type.1.10 This test method is not applicable for the followingsoils:1.10.1 Soils containing fibrous peat t

17、hat will change inparticle size during the drying, washing, or sieving procedure.1.10.2 Soils containing extraneous matter, such as organicsolvents, oil, asphalt, wood fragments, or similar items. Suchextraneous matter can affect the washing and sieving proce-dures.1.10.3 Materials that contain ceme

18、ntitious components,such as cement, fly ash, lime, or other stabilization admixtures.1.11 This test method may not produce consistent testresults within and between laboratories for the following soilsand the precision statement does not apply to them.1.11.1 Friable soils in which the sieving proces

19、ses changethe gradation of the soil. Typical examples of these soils aresome residual soils, most weathered shales and some weaklycemented soils such as hardpan, caliche or coquina.1.11.2 Soils that will not readily disperse such as glauconiticclays or some dried plastic clays.1.11.3 To test these s

20、oils, this test method must be adapted,or altered, and these alterations documented. Depending on thedesign considerations, a specialized gradation-testing programcould be performed. The alterations could require the washingand sieving procedures to be standardized such that eachspecimen would be pr

21、ocessed in a similar manner.1.12 Some materials that are not soils, but are made up ofparticles may be tested using this method. However, theapplicable sections above should be used in applying thisstandard.1.13 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits

22、 and rounding established inPractice D 6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.13.1 The procedures used to specify how data arecollected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regardedas the industry standard. In addition, they are representative ofthe significant digits that generally s

23、hould be retained. Theprocedures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considera

24、tions. It is beyond the scopeof these test methods to consider significant digits used inanalysis methods for engineering design.1.14 UnitsThe dimensional values stated in either SI unitsor inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, such as200-mm or 8-in. diameter sieve. Except, the sieve desi

25、gnationsare typically identified using the “alternative” system inaccordance with Practice E11, such as 3 in. and No. 200,instead of the “standard” system of 75 mm and 75 m,respectively. Only the SI units are used for mass determina-tions, calculations and reported results. However, the use ofbalanc

26、es or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not beregarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.15 A summary of the symbols used in this test method isgiven in Annex A1.1.16 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespons

27、ibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.17 Table of ContentsAll tables and figures appear at theend of this standard.SectionScope 1Method A 1.6.1Method B 1.6.2Sample Processin

28、g 1.8Units 1.14Referenced Documents 2ASTM Standards 2.1Terminology 3General 3.1Definitions 3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard3.3Summary of Test Method 4Significance and Use 5Apparatus 6Sieves 6.1Standard Sieve Set 6.1.1Washing Sieve, No. 200 (75-m) 6.1.2Designated Separating Sieve 6.1

29、.3Washing Sink with Spray Nozzle 6.2Mechanical Sieve Shaker 6.3Balances 6.4Drying Oven 6.5Sieving Containers 6.6Specimen Containers 6.6.1Collection/Transfer Device 6.6.2Cumulative Mass Container 6.6.3Sieve Brushes 6.7Miscellaneous Items 6.8Splitter or Riffle Box (optional) 6.9Quartering Accessories

30、(optional) 6.10Mortar and Rubber-Covered Pestle (optional) 6.11Low Temperature Drying Oven (optional) 6.12Ultrasonic Water Bath (optional) 6.13Dispersion Shaker (optional) 6.14Reagents 7Dispersant 7.1Dry Addition 7.1.1.1Solution 7.1.1.2Preparation of Apparatus 8Verification of Sieves 8.1Verification

31、 Interval 8.1.1Verification of Mechanical Sieve Shaker andStandard Shaking Period8.2Large Mechanical Sieve Shaker 8.2.1Verification Interval 8.2.2Hand Sieve Shaking Procedure 8.2.3Sampling 9General 9.1Sample Sources 9.2Bulk Samples 9.2.1Jar and Small Bag Samples 9.2.2Undisturbed Tube Samples 9.2.3Sa

32、mples from Prior Testing 9.2.4Specimen 10General 10.1Minimum Mass Requirement 10.2Selection of Sieving Procedure 10.3Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.3.1Composite Sieving 10.3.2D69130422Specimen Procurement 10.4Moist Procedure 10.4.1Air-Dried Procedure 10.4.2Oven-Dried Procedure 10.4.3Discussion on Segre

33、gating Soils 10.4.4Specimen Procurement and Processing Re-quirements10.5Moist Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.5.1Moist Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.2Coarse Portion Acceptable Loss (CPL) 10.5.2.3Air-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.3Air-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve-SetSieving10.5.4Air-Dried

34、 Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.5Oven-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.6Oven-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve-SetSieving10.5.7Oven-Dried Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.8Procedure (Sieving) 11General 11.1Mass Measurements 11.2Sieve Overloading 11.3Single Sieve-Set Sieving 11.4Specimen Mass 11.4.1Spec

35、imen Dispersion 11.4.2Soaking without a Dispersant 11.4.2.1Soaking with a Dispersant 11.4.2.2Using an Ultrasonic Water Bath 11.4.2.3Washing Specimen 11.4.3General Precautions 11.4.3.1Transfer Specimen 11.4.3.2Washing 11.4.3.3Transfer Washed Specimen 11.4.3.4Dry Sieving 11.4.4Sieve Set 11.4.4.1Mechan

36、ical Shaking 11.4.4.2Cumulative Material/Mass Retained 11.4.5First Sieve 11.4.5.1Remaining Sieves 11.4.5.2Composite Sieving, Single Separation 11.5Coarser Portion 11.5.1Dispersing and Washing 11.5.1.1Dry Sieving Coarser Portion 11.5.1.3Subspecimen from Finer Portion 11.5.2Dispersing and Washing Subs

37、pecimen 11.5.2.1Dry Sieving Subspecimen 11.5.2.2Composite Sieving, Double Separation 11.6Separating 1stSubspecimen 11.6.1Dispersing and Washing 2ndCoarser Por-tion11.6.2Dry Sieving 2ndCoarser Portion 11.6.32ndSubspecimen 11.6.4Dispersing and Washing 2ndSubspeci-men11.6.4.1Dry Sieving 2ndSubspecimen

38、11.6.4.2Calculations 12General 12.1Sieve Overloading 12.2Single Sieve-Set Sieving, Percent Passing 12.3Composite Sieving, Mass of Specimen 12.4Composite Sieving, Single Separation 12.5Composite Sieving, Coarser Portion (CP) 12.5.1CP, Percent Passing 12.5.1.1CP, Composite Sieving CorrectionFactor (CS

39、CF)12.5.1.2CP, Acceptable Loss During Washingand Sieving12.5.1.3Composite Sieving, Subspecimen (finerportion)12.5.2Percent Passing, Specimen (combinedcoarser and finer portions)12.5.2.1Subspecimen, Acceptable FractionalPercent Retained12.5.2.2Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion 12.5.2.3Finer Porti

40、on, Percent Passing (optional) 12.5.3Composite Sieving, Double Separation 12.61stCoarser Portion 12.6.11stSubspecimen 12.6.2Percent Passing, 2ndCoarser Portion 12.6.2.12ndCoarser Portion, Composite SievingCorrection Factor (2ndCSCF)12.6.2.22ndCoarser Portion, Acceptable Loss onSieving and Washing12.

41、6.2.32ndCoarser Portion, Acceptable Frac-tionalPercent Retained12.6.2.4Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion 12.6.2.52ndSubspecimen 12.6.3Percent Passing, 2ndSubspecimen 12.6.3.12ndSubspecimen, Acceptable FractionalPercent Retained12.6.3.2Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion 12.6.3.31stFiner Portio

42、n, Percent Passing (op-tional)12.6.42ndFiner Portion, Composite SievingCorrection Factor (optional)12.6.4.12ndFiner Portion, Percent Passing for2ndSubspecimen (optional)12.6.4.2Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) 13Precision and Bias 14Precision 14.1Precision Data Analysis 14.1.1Calculation of Precis

43、ion 14.1.2Acceptance Criterion 14.1.2.4Triplicate Test Precision Data (TTPD) 14.1.3TTPDMethod A Repeatability 14.1.3.1TTPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.3.2TTPD-Method B Repeatability 14.1.3.3TTPD-Method B Reproducibility 14.1.3.4Single Test Precision Data (STPD) 14.1.4STPD-Method A Reproducibility

44、14.1.4.1STPD-Method B Reproducibility 14.1.4.2Soils Type 14.1.5Discussion on Precision 14.1.6Bias 14.2Keywords 15ANNEXESSymbols Annex A1Sample to Specimen Splitting/Reduction Meth-odsAnnex A2General A2.1Mechanical Splitting A2.1.1Quartering A2.1.2Miniature Stockpile Sampling A2.1.3Sample Processing

45、Recommendation Basedon Soil TypeA2.2Clean Gravel (GW, GP) and Clean Sand(SW, SP)A2.2.1Gravel with Fines (GM, GC, GC-GM,GW-GM, GP-GM, GP-GC)A2.2.2Sand with Silt Fines (SW-SM, SP-SM,SM)A2.2.3Sand with Clay and Silt Fines or ClayFines (SW-SC, SP-SC, SC, SC-SM)A2.2.4Silts with Sand or Gravel, or Both (M

46、L,MH)A2.2.5Organic Soils with Sand or Gravel, orBoth (OL, OH)A2.2.6APPENDIXESExample Test Data Sheets/Forms Appendix X1General X1.1Precision: Example Calculations Appendix X2General X2.1TABLES and FIGURES2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:33For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websit

47、e, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D69130423C 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregateC 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Ag

48、gregate toTesting SizeD 422 Test Method for Particle Size Analysis of Soils2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft/lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 1140 Test Method for Amount of Material

49、 in Soils FinerThan the No. 200 (75-m) SieveD 1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft/lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas