1、Designation: D6914 04 (Reapproved 2010)D6914/D6914M 16Standard Practice forSonic Drilling for Site Characterization and the Installationof Subsurface Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6914;D6914/D6914M; the number immediately following the designation indicatest
2、he year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This practice covers procedures for using
3、 sonic drilling methods in the conducting of geoenvironmentalsubsurfaceexploration for site characterization and in the installation of subsurface monitoring devices.1.2 The use of the sonic drilling method for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installation may often involveprelimin
4、ary site research and safety planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does not purport to specificallyaddress site exploration planning and site safety.1.3 Soil or Rock samples collected by sonic methods are classed as group A or group B in accordance with Practices D4220.Other sampli
5、ng methods (Guide D6169) may be used in conjunction with the sonic method to collect samples classed as groupC and Group D. Other drilling methods are summarized in Guide D6286.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units presented in brackets are to be regarded separately assta
6、ndard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.values stated in each system may not be exactequivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may resultin non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test
7、 results in units other than in-pound shall not be regarded asnonconformance with this practice.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.6 This practice offers a set o
8、f instructions for performing one or more specific operations. It is a description of the presentstate-of-the-art practice of sonic drilling. It does not recommend this method as a specific course of action. This document cannotreplace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with p
9、rofessional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration
10、 of a projectsmany unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved throughthe ASTM consensus process.1.6.1 This practice does not purport to comprehensively address all the methods and the issues associated with drilling practices.User
11、s should seek qualified professionals for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods that would be most successful fortheir site investigation. Other methods may be available for drilling and sampling of soil, and qualified professionals should havethe flexibility to exercise judgment as to po
12、ssible alternatives not covered in this practice. This practice is current at the time ofissue, but new alternative methods may become available prior to revisions, therefore, users should consult manufacturers or sonicdrilling services providers prior to specifying program requirements.1.6 This pra
13、ctice does not purport to comprehensively address all the methods and the issues associated with drilling practices.Users should seek qualified professionals for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods that would be most successful fortheir site investigation. Other methods may be available
14、 for drilling and sampling of soil, and qualified professionals should havethe flexibility to exercise judgment as to possible alternatives not covered in this practice. This practice is current at the time ofissue, but new alternative methods may become available prior to revisions, therefore, user
15、s should consult manufacturers or sonicdrilling services providers prior to specifying program requirements.1.7 This practice does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use and may involve use ofhazardous materials, equipment, and operations. It is the responsib
16、ility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2010Nov. 15, 2016.
17、Published September 2010December 2016. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20042010as D6914D691404(2010).04 1. DOI: 10.1520/D6914-04R10.10.1520/D6914_D6914M-16.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication
18、of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be consider
19、ed the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use. Fo
20、r good safety practice, consultapplicable OSHA regulations and drilling safety guides.2,3,42. Referenced Documents52.1 ASTM StandardsSoil Classification:D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site ExplorationD2488 P
21、ractice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Rock2.2 ASTM StandardsDrilling Methods and Installation Methods:D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger BoringsD5088 Practice for Decont
22、amination of Field Equipment Used at Waste SitesD5299 Guide for Decommissioning of Groundwater Wells, Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, and Other Devices forEnvironmental ActivitiesD5791 Guide for Using Probability Sampling Methods in Studies of Indoor Air Quality in BuildingsD5782 Guide fo
23、r Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration and theInstallation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monito
24、ring DevicesD5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environ
25、mental Site Characterization2.3 ASTM StandardsSoil Sampling:D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)6D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Graine
26、d Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of Soils (Withdrawn 2016)6D3694 Practices for Preparation of Sample Containers and for Preservation of Organic ConstituentsD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil SamplesD4700 Guide
27、for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental InvestigationsD6640 Practice for Collection and Handling of Soils Obtained in Core Barrel Samplers for Environmental Investigations2.4 ASTM StandardsAquifer Testin
28、g:D4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Propertiesof AquifersD4050 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties ofAquifer SystemsD5092 Practice for Design and
29、 Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells2.5 ASTM StandardsOther:D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data3. Terminology3
30、.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordance with Terminology D653. Definitions of additional terms may be foundin Terminology D653.Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of technical terms in this standard refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.
31、1 amplituderange of drill bit movement necessary to overcome formation elasticity.2 “Drilling Safety Guide,” National Drilling Association.3 “Drillers Handbook,” Thomas C. Ruda and Peter Bosscher, National Drilling Association.4 “Innovative Technology Summary Report,” April 1995, U.S. Department of
32、Energy.5 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.6 The last approved version of this historical standar
33、d is referenced on www.astm.org.D6914/D6914M 1623.2.2 bit face designthe practice of changing the drill bit face to be neutral to, include, exclude, or shear the material beingpenetrated.3.2.3 forced vibrationthe tendency of one object to force an adjoining or interconnected object into vibrational
34、motion.3.2.4 harmonicthe point in a drill string where a special frequency creates a standing wave pattern throughout the string.3.2.5 hertzinternational unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second.3.2.1 hydraulic extractionextraction, nthe removal of the sample specimen from the solid sampling
35、 barrel by the applicationof fluid.3.2.2 natural frequencyfrequency, nthe frequency or frequencies at which an object tends to vibrate when disturbed.3.2.3 resonanceresonance, nwhen one object (sine generator) vibrating at the natural frequency of a second object (drillpipe or casing) forces the sec
36、ond object into vibrational motion.3.2.4 sine wavewave generator, na wave form corresponding to a single-frequency periodic oscillation.drill head thatimparts forces in wave forms corresponding to single-frequency periodic oscillations to create resonance of the drill rods andcasings to advance the
37、drill hole.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThis drill head is referred to as a sonic drill head, or resonant sonic drill head throughout this standard. This drill head is attachedto the drill rods and casings and can be used to lift rods for sample extrusion.3.2.10 sinusoidal forceenergy force generated by an osc
38、illator that is transmitted to the drill tool string.3.2.5 sonicsonic drilling, nthe practice of using high frequency vibration as the primary force to advance drill tools throughsubsurface formations.3.2.5.1 DiscussionWhile vibration is the primary force for drilling, the drilling process also requ
39、ires rotation of the drill rods with applied downforcereaction from the drill3.2.12 standing wave patterna vibratory pattern created within the drill string where the vibrating frequency of a carriercauses a reflected wave from one end of the drill string to interfere with incidental waves from the
40、source in such a manner thatat specific points along the drill string it appears to be standing still. The resulting disturbance is a regular pattern.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Sonic drilling is the utilization of high frequency vibration aided by down pressure and rotation to advance drilling toolst
41、hrough various subsurface formations. All objects have a natural frequency or set of frequencies at which they will vibrate whendisturbed. The natural frequency is dependantdependent upon the properties of the material the object is made of and the lengthof the object. The sonic drill head provides
42、the disturbance to the drilling tools causing them to vibrate. To achieve penetrationof the formation the strata is fractured, sheared, or displaced. The high frequency vibration can cause the soil in contact with thedrill bit and drilling casing string to liquefy and flow away allowing the casing t
43、o pass through with reduced friction. Rotation ofthe drill string is primarily for even distribution of the applied energy, to control bit wear, and to help maintain borehole alignment.The use of vibratory technology reduces the amount of drill cuttings, provides rapid formation penetration, and the
44、 recovery ofa continuous core sample of formation specimens for field analysis and laboratory testing. Boreholes generated by sonic drillingcan be fitted with various subsurface condition monitoring devices. Numerous sampling techniques can also be used with thissystem including thin walled tubes, s
45、plit barrel samplers, and in-situ groundwater sampling devices. Fig. 1 demonstrates thegeneral principle of sonic drilling.5. Significance and Use5.1 Sonic drilling is a rapid, primarily dry drilling method (see 5.2used for geoenvironmental investigative programs. ), usedboth in geotechnical applica
46、tions to avoid hydraulic fracturing, and in environmental site exploration. Geotechnical applicationsinclude exploration for tunnels, underground excavations, and installation of instrumentation or structural elements. Sonic drillingmethods are used in rocky soils with large diameter casing to obtai
47、n continuous samples in materials that are difficult to sampleusing other methods. It is well suited for environmental projects of a production-orientated nature. Disposal of drilling spoils naturewith a drilling rate faster than most all other drilling methods (Guide D6286is a major cost element in
48、 any environmental project.Sonic ). Sonic drilling is used for environmental explorations because sonic drilling offers the benefit of significantly reduced drillcuttings cuttings, a major cost element, and reduced drill fluid use and production. Sonic drilling offers rapid formation penetrationther
49、eby increasing production. It can reduce fieldwork time generating overall project cost reductions. The continuous core samplerecovered provides a representative lithological column for review and analysis. Sonic drilling readily lends itself to environmentalD6914/D6914M 163instrumentation installation and to in-situ testing. The advantage of a clean cased hole without the use of drilling fluids providesfor increased efficiency in instrumentation installation. The ability to cause vibration to the casing string eliminates thecomplication of monitorin
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