1、Designation: D6914 04 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Practice forSonic Drilling for Site Characterization and the Installationof Subsurface Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for using sonic drillingmethods in the condu
3、cting of geoenvironmental exploration forsite characterization and in the installation of subsurfacemonitoring devices.1.2 The use of the sonic drilling method for geoenviron-mental exploration and monitoring-device installation mayoften involve preliminary site research and safety planning,administ
4、ration, and documentation. This guide does not pur-port to specifically address site exploration planning and sitesafety.1.3 Soil or Rock samples collected by sonic methods areclassed as group A or group B in accordance with PracticesD4220. Other sampling methods may be used in conjunctionwith the s
5、onic method to collect samples classed as group Cand Group D.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. It is a descri
6、ption of thepresent state-of-the-art practice of sonic drilling. It does notrecommend this method as a specific course of action. Thisdocument cannot replace education or experience and shouldbe used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not allaspects of this practice may be applicable in all
7、circumstances.This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace thestandard of care by which the adequacy of a given professionalservice must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. Theword “Standard” in the title of this docume
8、nt means only thatthe document has been approved through theASTM consensusprocess.1.6 This practice does not purport to comprehensivelyaddress all the methods and the issues associated with drillingpractices. Users should seek qualified professionals for deci-sions as to the proper equipment and met
9、hods that would bemost successful for their site investigation. Other methods maybe available for drilling and sampling of soil, and qualifiedprofessionals should have the flexibility to exercise judgmentas to possible alternatives not covered in this practice. Thispractice is current at the time of
10、 issue, but new alternativemethods may become available prior to revisions, therefore,users should consult manufacturers or sonic drilling servicesproviders prior to specifying program requirements.1.7 This practice does not purport to address all the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use
11、and may involve use ofhazardous materials, equipment, and operations. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. For good safetypractice, consult applicable OSHA
12、regulations and drillingsafety guides.2,3,42. Referenced Documents52.1 ASTM StandardsSoil Classification:D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD2488 Practice for Description and Identification of So
13、ils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and Rock2.2 ASTM StandardsDrilling Methods:D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAugerBoringsD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5299 Guide for Decommissionin
14、g of Ground Water Wells,1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallyapproved in 2004. La
15、st previous edition approved in 2004 as D691404e1. DOI:10.1520/D6914-04R10.2“Drilling Safety Guide,” National Drilling Association.3“Drillers Handbook,” Thomas C. Ruda and Peter Bosscher, National DrillingAssociation.4“Innovative Technology Summary Report,” April 1995, U.S. Department ofEnergy.5For
16、referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
17、 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, and OtherDevices for Environmental ActivitiesD5791 Guide for Using Probability Sampling Methods inStudies of Indoor Air Quality in BuildingsD5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling forGeoenvironmenta
18、l Exploration and the Installation of Sub-surface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explorationand the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitor-ing DevicesD5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Auger
19、s for Geoen-vironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Envi-ronmental Site Characterization2.3 ASTM StandardsSoi
20、l Sampling:D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Spli
21、t Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD3694 Practices for Preparation of Sample Containers andfor Preservation of Organic ConstituentsD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used
22、 With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gations2.4 ASTM StandardsAquifer Testing:D4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for InstantaneousChange in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining HydraulicProperties of AquifersD4050 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawaland Injection Well Tests for D
23、etermining Hydraulic Prop-erties of Aquifer SystemsD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground WaterMonitoring Wells2.5 ASTM StandardsOther:D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and Construction
24、3. Terminology3.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordancewith Terminology D653. Definitions of additional terms maybe found in Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 amplituderange of drill bit movement necessary toovercome formation elasticity.3.2.2 bi
25、t face designthe practice of changing the drill bitface to be neutral to, include, exclude, or shear the materialbeing penetrated.3.2.3 forced vibrationthe tendency of one object to forcean adjoining or interconnected object into vibrational motion.3.2.4 harmonicthe point in a drill string where a s
26、pecialfrequency creates a standing wave pattern throughout thestring.3.2.5 hertzinternational unit of frequency, equal to onecycle per second.3.2.6 hydraulic extractionthe removal of the samplespecimen from the solid sampling barrel by the application offluid.3.2.7 natural frequencythe frequency or
27、frequencies atwhich an object tends to vibrate when disturbed.3.2.8 resonancewhen one object (sine generator) vibrat-ing at the natural frequency of a second object (drill pipe orcasing) forces the second object into vibrational motion.3.2.9 sine wavea wave form corresponding to a single-frequency p
28、eriodic oscillation.3.2.10 sinusoidal forceenergy force generated by an os-cillator that is transmitted to the drill tool string.3.2.11 sonicthe practice of using high frequency vibrationas the primary force to advance drill tools through subsurfaceformations.3.2.12 standing wave patterna vibratory
29、pattern createdwithin the drill string where the vibrating frequency of a carriercauses a reflected wave from one end of the drill string tointerfere with incidental waves from the source in such amanner that at specific points along the drill string it appears tobe standing still. The resulting dis
30、turbance is a regular pattern.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Sonic drilling is the utilization of high frequency vibra-tion aided by down pressure and rotation to advance drillingtools through various subsurface formations.All objects have anatural frequency or set of frequencies at which they willvibrat
31、e when disturbed. The natural frequency is dependantupon the properties of the material the object is made of and thelength of the object. The sonic drill head provides the distur-bance to the drilling tools causing them to vibrate. To achievepenetration of the formation the strata is fractured, she
32、ared, ordisplaced. The high frequency vibration can cause the soil incontact with the drill bit and drilling casing string to liquefyand flow away allowing the casing to pass through withreduced friction. Rotation of the drill string is primarily foreven distribution of the applied energy, to contro
33、l bit wear, andto help maintain borehole alignment. The use of vibratorytechnology reduces the amount of drill cuttings, provides rapidformation penetration, and the recovery of a continuous coresample of formation specimens for field analysis and labora-tory testing. Boreholes generated by sonic dr
34、illing can be fittedwith various subsurface condition monitoring devices. Numer-ous sampling techniques can also be used with this systemincluding thin walled tubes, split barrel samplers, and in-situground water sampling devices. Fig. 1 demonstrates thegeneral principle of sonic drilling.5. Signifi
35、cance and Use5.1 Sonic drilling is used for geoenvironmental investiga-tive programs. It is well suited for environmental projects of aproduction-orientated nature. Disposal of drilling spoils is aD6914 04 (2010)2major cost element in any environmental project. Sonic drillingoffers the benefit of si
36、gnificantly reduced drill cuttings andreduced fluid production. Sonic drilling offers rapid formationpenetration thereby increasing production. It can reduce field-work time generating overall project cost reductions. Thecontinuous core sample recovered provides a representativelithological column f
37、or review and analysis. Sonic drillingreadily lends itself to environmental instrumentation installa-tion and to in-situ testing. The advantage of a clean cased holewithout the use of drilling fluids provides for increasedefficiency in instrumentation installation. The ability to causevibration to t
38、he casing string eliminates the complication ofbackfill bridging common to other drilling methods and re-duces the risk of casing lockup allowing for easy casingwithdrawal during grouting. The clean borehole reduces welldevelopment time. Pumping tests can be performed as neededprior to well screen p
39、lacement to insure proper screen location.The sonic method is readily utilized in multiple cased wellapplications which are required to prevent aquifer cross con-tamination. Notwithstanding the possibility of vibratory effectson the surrounding formations, the same sonic drilling plusfactors for env
40、ironmental monitoring device installations carryover for geotechnical instrumentation as well. The installationof inclinometers, vibrating wire piezometers, settlementgauges, and the like can be accomplished efficiently with thesonic method.5.2 The cutting action, as the sonic drilling bit passesthr
41、ough the formation, may cause disturbance to the soilstructure along the borehole wall. The vibratory action ofdirecting the sample into the sample barrel and then vibratingit back out can cause distortion of the specimen. Core samplescan be hydraulically extracted from the sample barrel to reducedi
42、stortion. The use of split barrels, with or without liners, mayimprove the sample condition but may not completely removethe vibratory effect. When penetrating rock formations, thevibration may create mechanical fractures that can affectstructural analysis for permeability and thereby not reflect th
43、etrue in-situ condition. Sonic drilling in rock will require the useof air or fluid to remove drill cuttings from the face of the bit,as they generally cannot be forced into the formation. Samplescollected by the dry sonic coring method from dense, dry,consolidated or cemented formations may be subj
44、ected todrilling induced heat. Heat is generated by the impact of the biton the formation and the friction created when the core barrelis forced into the formation. The sampling barrel is advancedwithout drilling fluid whenever possible. Therefore, in verydense formations, drilling fluids may have t
45、o be used to removedrill cuttings from the bit face and to control drilling generatedheat. In dry, dense formations precautions to control drillinggenerated heat may be necessary to avoid affecting contami-nant presence. The affects of drilling generated heat can bemitigated by shortening sampling r
46、uns, changing vibrationlevel and rotation speed, using cooled sampling barrels, col-lecting larger diameter samples to reduce affect on the interiorof the sample, and using fluid coring methods or by usingalternate sampling methods such as the standard penetrationtest type samplers at specific inter
47、vals. Heat generated whilecasing the borehole through dense formations after the coresample has been extracted can be alleviated by potable waterinjection and/or by using crowd-in casing bits that shear theformation with minimal resistance. Should borehole walldensification be a concern it can be al
48、leviated by potable waterinjection, by borehole wall scraping with the casing bit, byusing a crowd-in style bit, or by injecting natural clay break-down compounds.FIG. 1 General Principle of Sonic DrillingD6914 04 (2010)35.3 Other uses for the sonic drilling method include mineralinvestigations. Bul
49、k samples can be collected continuously,quite rapidly, in known quantities to assess mineral content.Aggregate deposits can be accurately defined by using largediameter continuous core samplers that gather representativesamples. A limited amount of rock can be effectively pen-etrated and crushability determined. In construction, projectsinclude freeze tube installations for deep tunnel shafts, piezom-eters, small diameter piles, dewatering wells, foundation an-chors with grouting, and foundation movement monitoringinstrumentation. Sonic drills can be used to set p
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