1、Designation: D6932/D6932M 08 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Guide forMaterials and Construction of Open-Graded Friction CoursePlant Mixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6932/D6932M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the construction of bituminous open-graded friction course plant mixt
3、ures. End-use specificationsshould be adopted to conform to job and user requirements.Where applicable, Specification D3666 should be applied as aminimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and pavingmaterials.1.2 Bituminous open-graded friction courses are placed asthe final wearing course for
4、 highways and airfields.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result
5、 in non-conformancewith the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)and Voids in AggregateC88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificG
6、ravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Fine AggregateC131 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the LosAngeles MachineC136 Test Method for Sieve Analys
7、is of Fine and CoarseAggregatesC1252 Test Methods for Uncompacted Void Content of FineAggregate (as Influenced by Particle Shape, SurfaceTexture, and Grading)D75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD448 Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road andBrid
8、ge ConstructionD946 Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Cementfor Use in Pavement ConstructionD1461 Test Method for Moisture or Volatile Distillates inBituminous Paving MixturesD2419 Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils andFine AggregateD2995 Practice for Estimating Application Ra
9、te of Bitumi-nous DistributorsD3381 Specification for Viscosity-Graded Asphalt Cementfor Use in Pavement ConstructionD3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving MaterialsD4791 Test Method for Flat Particles, Elongated Particles,or Flat and Elonga
10、ted Particles in Coarse AggregateD5821 Test Method for Determining the Percentage ofFractured Particles in Coarse AggregateD6114 Specification for Asphalt-Rubber BinderD6307 Test Method for Asphalt Content of Hot-Mix Asphaltby Ignition MethodD6373 Specification for Performance Graded AsphaltBinderD6
11、390 Test Method for Determination of Draindown Char-acteristics in Uncompacted Asphalt MixturesD7064 Practice for Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC)Mix Design2.2 Other References:TRB NCHRP Synthesis 284 Performance Survey on Open-Graded Friction Course MixesNCAT Report No. 2001-01 Design, Constructi
12、on and Per-formance of New Generation Open-Graded FrictionCoursesFAA-RD-73-197FAA-RD-74-383. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road andPaving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.23 o
13、nPlant-Mixed Bituminous Surfaces and Bases.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published February 2014. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6932/D6932M 08.DOI: 10.1520/D6932_D6932M-08R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcon
14、tact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.1 open-graded fric
15、tion course (OGFC), n special typeof hot mix asphalt surface mixture used for reducing hydro-planing and potential for skidding, where the function of themixture is to provide a free-draining layer that permits surfacewater to migrate laterally through the mixture to the edge of thepavement.3.1.1.1
16、DiscussionExample gradings can be found inAppendix X1.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides information to assist engineers withthe design requirements and construction guidelines for pavingan Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) surface layer. AnOGFC is primarily used to improve the skid res
17、istance andwear resistance of a bituminous pavement by providing anescape route for surface water beneath a moving wheel load.The mixture is typically produced with a low amount of fineaggregate particles and high air void content to provide apassageway of interconnected voids for moisture to drain
18、awayfrom the travelway. The film thickness of the asphalt andoverall asphalt content is important for better stripping resis-tance and durability and aging properties.NOTE 1OGFCs may also be placed to reduce the tire-pavementinterface noise and may also be placed to reduce the occurrence andseverity
19、 of reflective cracking.5. Types of Specification Information5.1 Contract documentation for bituminous OGFC typicallyincludes the following information:5.1.1 Type of asphalt (for example, asphalt cement, polymermodified asphalt, asphalt rubber) and specification designation;5.1.2 Grade of asphalt;5.
20、1.3 Quantity of asphalt required;5.1.4 Type of aggregate (for example, crushed stone,crushed gravel, crushed slag, gravel, slag) specification desig-nation;5.1.5 Aggregate quality requirements (for example, coarseaggregate angularity, fine aggregate angularity, L.A. abrasion,soundness, water absorpt
21、ion, sand equivalent);5.1.6 Size or sizes of aggregate to be furnished;5.1.7 Quantity of additive, or anti-stripping agent, or both;5.1.8 Quantity of open-graded mix; and5.1.9 Special requirements.6. Aggregate6.1 Aggregate shall conform to Classification D448 exceptwhere noted in this guide.6.2 Size
22、Aggregate should be as close to one size as iseconomically practical, preferably in the range of 12.5 to 4.75mm 12 in. to No. 4, for OGFC with up to 25 mm 1.0 in. incompacted thickness.6.3 ShapeThe ideal shape is cubical or angular. Toachieve adequate angularity it is suggested that the coarseaggreg
23、ate have at least 95 % one-fractured face and 90 %two-fractured face as measured by Test Method D5821.Tohelp achieve a more cubical shape it is suggested that thecoarse aggregate maximum amount of flat or elongated par-ticles as measured by Test Method D4791 not exceed 10 %with a ratio of 5 to 1 in
24、maximum dimension to minimumdimension. Rounded particles are not acceptable. The uncom-pacted void content (fine aggregate angularity-FAA) as mea-sured by Test Methods C1252 should be 40 % or greater.6.4 CleanlinessIt is important that the aggregate be clean.The sand equivalent value of the fine agg
25、regate passing the2.36 mm No. 8 sieve according to Test Method D2419 shouldbe at least 45 % or greater. It is recommended that the materialto be tested be separated on the 2.36 mm No. 8 sieve becauseof the coarse grading of the aggregate. It is also very importantto remove any coatings or fines adhe
26、ring to the coarse material.7. Asphalt Binder7.1 Asphalt cement shall conform to Specifications D946,D3381,orD6373.7.2 When modified asphalt is used, it shall conform toSpecification D6373.7.3 When asphalt-rubber is used, it shall conform to Speci-fication D6114.NOTE 2The asphalt type and grade to b
27、e used depends on the type ofconstruction, climatic conditions, amount and nature of traffic.8. Composition of Open-Graded Mixtures8.1 The asphalt content shall be determined in accordancewith the owners selection method or Practice D7064.8.2 The asphalt cement open-graded mixture will typicallycons
28、ist of 93 to 95 % aggregate and 5 to 7 % asphalt by weightof total mixture.8.3 The modified asphalt open-graded mixture typicallyconsists of 92 to 94 percent aggregate and 6 to 8 % modifiedasphalt by weight of total mixture.8.4 The asphalt-rubber open-graded mixture typically con-sists of 90 to 91.5
29、 percent aggregate and 8.5 to 10 %asphalt-rubber by weight of total mixture.NOTE 3Due to the open-graded nature of the mixture it may beadvisable to add 1 to 2 % cement or hydrated lime or a suitableanti-stripping agent to prevent stripping.NOTE 4The selected asphalt content should be checked by per
30、forminga suitable asphalt draindown test such as Test Method D6390. Draindownmay be reduced by using cellulose or mineral fiber. Typically the dosageis in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 % by mixture mass as per the mix designprocedure test results. Polymer modified asphalt or asphalt-rubber mixesmay not re
31、quire fiber additives to obtain good performance or controldraindown.9. Production and Placement9.1 Bituminous OGFC should not be placed during periodsof cold or wet weather, or both. The existing surface shall bewarm, clean, and dry while paving the OGFC.9.1.1 Typically the minimum air temperature
32、should be16C 60F in the shade and rising and the minimum surfacetemperature should be 21C 70F in the shade and risingbefore starting the operation. Open-graded mixtures placed12.5 mm 0.5 in. to 25 mm 1.0 in. in thickness will cool veryrapidly and thus a higher minimum air and surface temperaturemay
33、be advisable. Thus the specifying agency in setting theminimum air and surface temperature should consider theirnormal good paving practices and as a minimum the operationD6932/D6932M 08 (2013)2should not be permitted when the temperature falls below suchnormal agency temperature thresholds.NOTE 5Th
34、e specifying organization may want to consider setting ordesignating paving seasons to ensure optimal paving conditions.9.1.2 The operation should not be carried out in the rain, orwhen rain is threatening.9.1.3 The open-graded mixture should be placed as the finalsurface course with its edges expos
35、ed to ensure free draining atthe edges. If it is placed in a curb and gutter section, it shouldbe placed above the gutter.9.1.4 The open-graded mixture is not a structural pavementlayer and thus should not be expected to correct obviouspavement structural defects such as potholes or weak underly-ing
36、 pavement or foundation support. Some caution should beexercised in placing this mix on a surface that might bepermeable or a cracked surface that would allow water to enter.10. Method of Sampling and Testing10.1 Calibrate bituminous distributors for proper applica-tion rate for tack coat using Prac
37、tice D2995.10.2 Sample bituminous materials according to PracticeD140 and test for conformance with the designated specifica-tion according to test methods indicated in that specification.10.3 Sample all aggregates according to Practice D75. Testthe aggregate according to the test methods listed in
38、6.3 and6.4, according to the following test methods, as necessary.10.3.1 Bulk Density of AggregatesTest Method C29/C29M.10.3.2 Sulfate SoundnessTest Method C88.10.3.3 Specific Gravity and AbsorptionTest Method C127or C128 as applicable.10.3.4 Resistance to DegradationTest Method C131.10.3.5 Sieve An
39、alysisTest Method C136.10.4 Samples of the open-graded mix should be taken at thediscretion of the engineer and tested for asphalt binder contentusing Test Method D6307 and/or moisture content using TestMethod D1461 or by using methods as approved by theengineer.10.5 Cores should be taken at the dis
40、cretion of the engineerto verify the thickness of the open-graded mix.11. Construction Procedure11.1 Patch potholes, fill cracks, and repair damaged areas inexisting pavements.11.2 The surface to be covered should be cleaned withrotary broom or other approved means.11.3 A tack coat should be applied
41、 to the paved surfacebefore placement of the open-graded friction course.NOTE 6For asphalt-rubber open-graded mixtures, the tack coat istypically a paving grade liquid asphalt applied at the rate of 0.4 L/m20.08gal/yd2.11.4 The temperature of the asphalt cement open-gradedmixture during compaction s
42、hould be at least 93C 200F.11.5 The temperature of the modified asphalt cement open-graded mixture during compaction should be in the range of 93to 135C 200 to 275F.NOTE 7It is advised that the supplier of the modified asphalt binder beconsulted for the proper mixing and compaction temperature range
43、s to beused in the field.11.6 The temperature of the asphalt-rubber open-gradedmixture during compaction should be at least 135C 275F.11.7 Compact the OGFC by using self-propelled rollers,either steel wheel or pneumatic, in the non-vibratory modefollowing immediately behind the laydown machine.NOTE
44、8For asphalt-rubber open-graded mixtures, only steel wheeledrollers should be used for compaction, due to the high probability forparticle pick-up by pneumatic tired rollers.NOTE 9The compaction equipment and method of rolling should beselected and done in a manner that it does not fracture the aggr
45、egate ordamage the mix.11.8 It may be advisable to place a test section to determinean adequate rolling pattern (typically 2 to 3 passes) and toensure adequate compaction.12. Keywords12.1 asphalt cement; asphalt rubber; modified asphalt ce-ment; open-graded friction courseD6932/D6932M 08 (2013)3APPE
46、NDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. OGFC MIXTURE DESIGNSASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent r
47、ights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either f
48、or revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair heari
49、ng you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be s
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