1、Designation: D7005/D7005M 15D7005/D7005M 16Standard Test Method forDetermining the Bond Strength (Ply Adhesion) ofGeocomposites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7005/D7005M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 It has been widely discussed in the literature that bond strength of flexible multi-ply materia
3、ls is difficult to measure withcurrent technology. The above is recognized and accepted, since all known methods of measurement include the force required tobend the separated layers, in addition to that required to separate them. However, useful information can be obtained when onerealizes that the
4、 bending force is included and that direct comparison between different materials, or even between the samematerials of different thickness, cannot be made.Also, conditioning that affects the moduli of the plies will be reflected in the bondstrength measurement.1.2 This index test method defines a p
5、rocedure for comparing the bond strength or ply adhesion of geocomposites. The focusis on geotextiles bonded to geonets or other types of drainage cores; for example, geomats, geospacers, etc. Other possible usesare geotextiles adhered or bonded to themselves, geomembranes, geogrids, or other dissim
6、ilar materials. Various processes canmake such laminates: adhesives, thermal bonding, stitch bonding, needling, spread coating, etc.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; th
7、erefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this s
8、tandard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 11.1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD2905 P
9、ractice for Statements on Number of Specimens for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)3D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for TestingD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5321/D5321M Test Method for Determining the Shear Strength of Soil-Geosynthetic and Geosy
10、nthetic-GeosyntheticInterfaces by Direct ShearE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geosyntheticsair maintai
11、ned at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of 216 2C 70 6 4F.3.1.2 bond strength (ply adhesion)amount of force required (per unit width) to separate plies of material or materials inpeeling mode plus the force to bend the plies.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM
12、 Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechanical Properties.Current edition approved July 1, 2015Jan. 1, 2016. Published July 2015January 2016. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20082015 asD700503(2008).D7005/D7005M15.
13、 DOI: 10.1520/D7005_D7005M-15.10.1520/D7005_D7005M-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The l
14、ast approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequat
15、ely depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken
16、, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.3 geocompositea product composed of two or more materials, at least one of which is a geosynthetic.3.1.4 geomat/geospacerany three dimensional, polymeric material used with soil, rock, or other geotechnical engineeringrelated material as an integral part of a man-m
17、ade project, structure, or system.3.1.5 geoneta geosynthetic consisting of integrally connected parallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at various angles forplanar drainage of liquids or gases.3.1.6 geosynthetica planar product manufactured from polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, o
18、r other geotechnicalengineering related material as an integral part of a man-made project structure, or system.3.1.7 geotextilea permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of textiles.3.1.8 index testa test procedure, which may contain a known bias but may be used to establish an order for a set of sp
19、ecimenswith respect to the property of interest.3.1.9 machine directionthe direction in the plane of the fabric parallel to the direction of manufacture.3.1.10 neckinglocalized reduction in cross section, which may occur in a material under tensile stress.3.2 For definitions of other terms refer to
20、Terminology D4439.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Initially the geotextile is separated from its associated material with care. The separated plies of the test specimen are placedinto the grips of a tensile testing machine. The grips are then separated and the force required to further separate the pli
21、es is definedas bond strength.NOTE 1The force to bend the separated plies is included in the measured force.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is to be used as a quality control or quality assurance test. As a manufacturing quality control (MQC) test,it would generally be used by the geocom
22、posite product manufacturer or fabricator.As a construction quality assurance (CQA) test,it would be used by certification or inspection organizations.5.2 This test method can also be used to verify if the adhesion or bond strength varies after exposure to various incubation mediain durability or ch
23、emical resistance testing, or both.5.3 Whatever use is to be associated with the test, it should be understood that this is an index test.NOTE 2There have been numerous attempts to relate the results of this test to the interface shearing resistance of the respective materials determinedper Test Met
24、hod D5321/D5321M. To date, no relationships have been established between the two properties.5.4 Test Method D7005/D7005M for determining the bond strength (ply adhesion) strength may be used as an acceptance testof commercial shipments of geocomposites, but caution is advised since information abou
25、t between-laboratory precision isincomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.4.1 are advisable.5.4.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using the procedure in Test MethodD7005/D7005M for acceptance of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplie
26、r should first confirm that the tests wereconducted using comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning, grip faces, grip size, etc. Comparative tests shouldthen be conducted to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance isrecom
27、mended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are ashomogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of the material in question. The test specimens should be randomly assigned toeach laboratory for testing. The average results from the
28、 two laboratories should be compared to the Students t-test for unpaireddata and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its causemust be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test re
29、sults in the light of the known bias.Refer to Practice D2905, Table 1.6. Apparatus6.1 GripsA gripping system that minimizes both slippage and uneven stress distribution is required. Grips lined with thinrubber, crocus clothe or pressure sensitive tape, as well as file-faced or serrated grips has bee
30、n successfully used for manymaterials. Air-actuated grips have been found advantageous, particularly in the case of materials that tend to “neck” in the grips,since pressure is maintained at all times. Grip faces shall measure not less than 50.8 mm 2.0 in. wide by no less than 100 mm4 in. long, with
31、 the longer dimension perpendicular to the direction of the applied load.6.2 Testing MachineA tensile testing machine with computer acquisition capabilities conforming to the requirements forSpecification D76/D76M.6.3 Specimen CutterA die 101.6 6 2 mm 4 6 0.08 in. wide by at least 200 mm 8 in. long.
32、D7005/D7005M 1627. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units7.1 Sampling must be performed in a manner that will provide the desired information. No single procedure can be given forall situations. Therefore, Practice D4354 should be used as a guide in planning sampling procedures.7.2 Laboratory Samp
33、leFor sampling, disregard the first meter 3 ft and the last meter 3 ft of material from the sample roll.Consider the units in the laboratory sample. For the laboratory sample, take a swatch at a minimum of 30 cm 1 ft in the machinedirection by the roll width.7.3 Test SpecimensTake no specimen nearer
34、 the selvedge or edge of the sample than 120 of the width of the roll, or 150 mm6 in., whichever is larger, from the bonded material. Cut strips 101.6 6 2 mm 4 6 0.08 in. wide and at least 200 mm 8 in.long, parallel to the direction under test. For geocomposites consisting of geotextiles bonded to b
35、oth sides of the geonet, mark thespecimens to differentiate between the two sides, typically referred to as “Side A” and “Side B.” It is important that the testspecimens are precision cut with clean, uniform edges so as not to affect the test results.7.4 Test UnitTest five specimens distributed even
36、ly from across the width of each laboratory sample in the longitudinal(machine) direction only. It may be desirable to test specimens in the transverse (cross-machine) direction for special purposes.NOTE 3Depending on the application of the geocomposite, transverse (cross-machine) direction specimen
37、s can be tested at the clients request, butthey are not a requirement.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Equip the tensile testing machine according to manufacturers instructions for Tensile Testing Machine- a constant rate ofextension (CRE) type conforming to the requirements of Specification D76/D76M.
38、8.2 Set the machine speed at 305 6 10 mm/min 12 6 0.5 in./min.8.3 Readings of force and time shall be taken at a minimum rate of 20 readings per second.8.4 If necessary, also set the computer to acquire the readings from 25-mm 1-in. 25 mm 1 in. of separation to 100-mm 4-in.100 mm 4 in. of separation
39、. The average force recorded will be used to determine the bond strength. These intervals are definedin typical software programs in terms of crosshead extension, which would be 50-mm 2-in to 200-mm 8-in 50 mm 2 in. to200 mm 8 in. of extension.9. Conditioning9.1 Specimen Conditioning:9.1.1 Condition
40、 the test specimens at a temperature of 21 6 2C 70 6 4F for not less than 30 min prior to testing.9.1.2 Accelerated testing conditions for “wet” materials may be accomplished by placing the test specimens in water for 15 min,at a water temperature of 21 6 2C 70 6 4F.10. Test Conditions10.1 Conduct t
41、ests in the standard laboratory atmosphere.11. Procedure11.1 Initiate separation of the plies of the test specimens manually.11.1.1 Using a utility knife or,knife, or some other suitable separation device which does not compromise either laminate,initiate the separation of the laminated geocomposite
42、 at the interface of interest (that is, side A or side B, or both). A pair ofwide-mouth pliers may hasten this activity and add an element of safety. Pre-separate the laminated layers a maximum of 50 mm2 in. prior to testing.11.2 Clamp the separated ends of the test specimen in the grips on the tens
43、ile testing machine using an initial grip separationof approximately 50 mm 2 in. Make certain the ends are aligned with each grip as it is clamped.11.3 The unseparated portion of each test specimen shall be left loose to move around freely.11.4 Bend the rigid ply containing the geonet or other rigid
44、 component by hand to approximately a 45 angle to the axis of thegrips.11.5 Activate the tensile testing machine and record the average force in N lbf to separate the test specimen from 25-mm1-in. 25 mm 1 in. of separation to 100-mm 4-in. 100 mm 4 in. of separation at 300 6 10 mm/min 12 6 0.5 in./mi
45、n.11.5.1 Observe the test in progress. If necessary, manually intercept the rigid component so it does not contact the load cell orfixed grip. This must be accomplished without interfering with the measured force.NOTE 4100-mm 4-in. 100 mm 4 in. of separation will require at least 200-mm 8-in. 200 mm
46、 8 in. of crosshead movement.11.6 Repeat steps 11.1 through 11.5 for side “B,” if required.11.7 Repeat steps 11.1 through 11.6 for each test specimen in the test unit.D7005/D7005M 16312. Calculation of Results12.1 Calculate the bond strength (ply adhesion) for each specimen and each side tested (if
47、applicable) as follows. The reportingunits shall be N/m lbf/in.:BS5BF/W (1)where:BS = bond strength (ply adhesion), that is, the test determination,BF = bond force, the average force in N lbf recorded from 25-mm 1-in. of separation to 100-mm 4-in. of separation, andBF = bond force, the average force
48、 in N lbf recorded from 25 mm 1 in. of separation to 100 mm 4 in. of separation, andW = width of specimen in meters in.W = width of specimen in m in.13. Report13.1 The report shall include the following:13.1.1 Reference the Test Method D7005/D7005M.13.1.2 Project, type of geosynthetic(s) tested, pro
49、duct sample identification, and if applicable, specific side of material tested.13.1.3 Complete sample identification.13.1.4 The individual bond strength values for each specimen and each side tested when applicable, the average (the test result)and standard deviation of the five test determinations for each direction and each side tested.13.1.5 Name and model number of tensile machine used. Include unit number if more than one of the same model numbers.13.1.6
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