1、Designation: D7014 18Standard Practice forInstallation of Double-Twisted Wire Mesh Gabions and RevetMattresses1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers standard practice for founda-tion preparation, assembly, placement and filling of double-twi
3、sted wire mesh gabions and revet mattresses used forvarious erosion control, soil retention or freestanding struc-tures.1.2 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or expe
4、ri-ence and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should t
5、hisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.“1.3 This standard is expressed in SI (metric) units.American(inch-pound) units are provide
6、d in parentheses for informationpurposes.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials,operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate saf
7、ety, health, and environmental prac-tices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitationsprior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of
8、International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A975 Specification for DoubleTwisted Hexagonal MeshGabions and Revet Mattresses (Metallic-Coated SteelWire or Metallic-Coa
9、ted Steel Wire With Poly(VinylChloride) (PVC) Coating)D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD6711 Practice for Specifying Rock to Fill Gabions, RevetMattresses, and Gabion Mattresses3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms in thisstandard, r
10、efer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 selvedge wire, na terminal wire used to edge thewire mesh perpendicular to the double twist by mechanicallywrapping the mesh wires around it at least 2.5 times or byinserting it through the twists and folding one mesh
11、length.3.2.2 edge wire, na terminal wire used to edge the wiremesh parallel to the double twist by continuously weaving itinto the wire mesh.3.2.3 lacing wire, nfor gabions and revet mattresses,ametallic coated steel wire or metallic coated steel wire withPVC coating used to assemble and interconnec
12、t empty units, toclose and secure stone filled units and for internal stiffeners.3.2.4 fastener, nan alternate connector to lacing wire, usedfor binding operations for gabions and revet mattresses.3.2.5 stiffener, nfor gabions, a length of metallic coatedsteel wire or metallic coated steel wire with
13、 PVC coating usedfor support of facing by connecting the front panel to the backpanel of a gabion (stiffener formed at the project site using wirehaving the same diameter as for the lacing wire) or across thecorners of a gabion cell (pre-formed stiffener as specified inSpecification A975).1This prac
14、tice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.25 on Erosion andSediment Control Technology.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as
15、 D701410. DOI:10.1520/D7014-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section
16、appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Pri
17、nciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.6 diaphragm, nin erosion control, wire mesh panelused to partition the gabions and revet mattresses into com-partments.4. Signific
18、ance and Use4.1 Gabions and Revet Mattresses, as described in Specifi-cation A975, are used to achieve soil stability and prevent soilerosion and are also used as retaining wall structures to resistmovements due to gravity. Their ability to function properlydepends on correct design and installation
19、. This standardpractice describes the proper installation of gabions and revetmattresses to ensure the products function as intended by themanufacturers.5. Material Delivery5.1 Gabions and revet mattresses are manufactured with allcomponents mechanically connected at the production facilitywith the
20、exception of the mattress lid, which is producedseparately from the base, as per Specification A975. Allgabions and revet mattresses shall be labeled to show theirdimensions, the number of pieces, and the manufacturers colorcode if applicable.5.2 All gabions and revet mattresses are supplied in thec
21、ollapsed form, either folded and bundled or rolled, forshipping. The bundles are banded together at the factory forshipping and handling. Revet mattress bases and lids may bepacked in separate bundles. Lacing wire is shipped in coilshaving a diameter approximately 0.60 m (2 ft). Fasteners areshipped
22、 in boxes. Preformed stiffeners are shipped in bundles.6. Assembly6.1 Gabions:6.1.1 The folded units shall be taken out from the bundleand placed on a hard, flat surface. Gabions shall be unfoldedand pressed out to their original shape (Fig. 1). Front, back andend panels shall be lifted to a vertica
23、l position to form an openbox shape (Fig. 2).6.1.2 Panels shall be fastened together with the projectingheavier gauge selvedge wire by firmly wrapping the selvedgewire around the selvedge or edge wire of the intersecting panelor the back panel (Fig. 3). Inner diaphragm panels shall belifted into a v
24、ertical position and secured in the same manner.All edges of the diaphragms and end panels shall be tied orfastened to the front and back of the gabion as specified inSection 7.6.2 Revet Mattresses:6.2.1 The folded units shall be taken out from the bundleand placed on a hard, flat surface. Revet mat
25、tresses shall beopened, unfolded and pressed out to their original shape. Front,back and end panels shall be lifted to a vertical position to forman open box shape (Fig. 4).6.2.2 End flaps shall be folded and/or overlapped, as appro-priate. All edges of the diaphragms and end panels shall be tiedor
26、fastened to the front and back of the mattress, as specified inSection 7.7. Fastening Procedure7.1 All gabions and revet mattresses must be fastened asspecified in 7.2 and 7.3 at each step of construction. Initialassembly, tying of adjacent units along the contacting edges,tying of the lid to sides,
27、 tying of lid to top of diaphragms, andre-tying of cut gabions or revet mattresses.7.2 When using tie wire, cut a piece of wire approximately1.5 times the length of the edge to be tied. The maximumFIG. 1 Unfolding GabionD7014 182length of the edge to be tied at one time shall not exceed 1 m(or 3 ft)
28、. Longer edges shall be joined by several lengths ofwire. Tie wires shall be secured around the selvedge wire orheavier edge wire, where present, by looping and twisting thelacing wire around itself. Proceed tying with alternate doubleand single loops. Double loops shall be made at intervals notgrea
29、ter than 0.10 m to 0.15 m (4 in. to 6 in.) (Fig. 5). Thebasket pieces should be pulled tightly together during the tyingoperation. The other end of the tie wire shall be secured againby looping and twisting the wire around itself. When using tiewire to assemble the units, pliers may be used to creat
30、e tightjoints. Care should be taken to avoid damaging the wirecoating. Minimum requirements for panel to panel jointstrength using tie wire shall be as specified in SpecificationA975.7.3 When steel wire ring fasteners are used, the use of eithera mechanical or a pneumatic fastening tool is required.
31、 Ringsshall be installed at the top and the bottom connections of theend and center diaphragms and then a maximum nominalspacing required to coform panel to panel connection strengthoutlined in Specification A975 along all edges shall be used(Fig. 5). Ring fasteners can be galvanized, stainless stee
32、l orZinc-5 % aluminum-mischmetal alloy coated, depending onFIG. 2 Assembled GabionFIG. 3 Selvedge ConnectionEnd and Front Panel to Back PanelD7014 183the type of wire specified in Specification A975, section 6.3.Minimum requirements for the panel to panel joint strengthusing ring fasteners, as well
33、as the mechanical and physicalcharacteristics of the ring fasteners shall be as specified inSpecification A975, section 7.2.FIG. 4 AssemblyRevet MattressesFIG. 5 Fastening ProcedureConnection Using Lacing Wire or Ring FastenersD7014 1848. Foundation Preparation8.1 The foundation for gabions shall be
34、 level, smooth, freeof surface irregularities, loosed materials, vegetation, andgraded to the elevations as shown on the project constructiondrawings.8.2 The foundation for revet mattress shall be smooth andfree of surface irregularities, loose material, and vegetation,and graded to the elevations a
35、s shown on the project construc-tion drawings.8.3 Appropriate measures shall be taken for filtering anddrainage of the foundation, (geotextile or graded aggregatefilters, drain pipes, etc.). Geotextiles required to be installedbehind or underneath gabion or revet mattress structures shallcomply with
36、 the local standard requirements for subsurfacedrainage applications.9. Installation and Filling9.1 Gabions:9.1.1 After the foundation has been prepared, the pre-assembled gabions shall be placed in position empty, and shallbe tied or fastened to adjacent gabions along all containingedges in order t
37、o form a continuously connected, monolithicstructural unit. All connections shall be in accordance withSection 7. Gabions shall be placed front to front and back toback in order to expedite the stone filling and lid lacingoperations (Fig. 6).9.1.2 Rock sizes shall be in accordance with PracticeD6711
38、. Rocks shall be placed in 0.30 m (1 ft) lifts for 0.91 m(3 ft) or 1 m high gabions, and 0.23 m (9 in) lifts for 0.46 m(1.5 ft) or 0.50 m high gabions. The fill layer shall never bemore than 0.30 m (1 ft) higher than any adjoining cell (Fig. 7).Care shall be taken when placing the stone to ensure th
39、at thePVC coating on gabions is not damaged. After a layer of rockhas been placed in the cell, sufficient hand manipulation of therock shall be performed to minimize voids and achieve amaximum density of rock in the gabion. The rock in exposedvertical faces shall be hand placed to reduce voids on th
40、e outerface.9.1.3 Stiffeners or internal cross ties shall be installed asindicated (Figs. 8 and 9), connecting the front and back facesof any supported or exposed face at the vertical third points fora gabion 0.91 m (3 ft) or 1 m high, as the cell is being filled.Gabion units installed at the wall e
41、nds, having two exposedsides, shall also include a set of cross ties installed perpendicu-larly to the lateral exposed face. For 0.3 m (1 ft) or 0.46 m (1.5ft) high baskets when used as revetment, stiffeners or internalcrossties are not required. When more than one vertical layer ofgabions is instal
42、led, units shall be overfilled to approximately0.025 m (1 in) to 0.04 m (1.5 in) to allow for natural settlement.The top surface shall be smoothly leveled, minimizing voids.Ensure that diaphragm tops are accessible for connecting.9.2 Revet Mattresses:9.2.1 The pre-assembled revet mattresses shall be
43、 placed inposition empty and shall be tied or fastened to adjacent revetmattresses along all contacting edges in order to form acontinuously connected monolithic structural unit. On slopes,the mattress shall be laid with the width perpendicular to theslope, except for very small channels. Mattresses
44、 shall beplaced and securely attached while empty. All connectionsshall be in accordance with Section 7. Where mattresses are tobe placed on steep slopes (1.5 Horizontal to 1 Vertical orsteeper), the unit may be secured by anchoring systems(hardwood pegs, galvanized pipes, steel bars, etc.) driven i
45、ntothe ground just below the upper end panel. Diameter, locationand the length of the anchoring system shall be established bythe engineer based on the slope, mesh opening and strength,mattress height or as specified in the project specifications.9.2.2 Rock sizes shall be in accordance with Practice
46、D6711. Mattresses can be filled by any suitable appropriatesize machine, such as a backhoe, crane, etc. Care shall be takenFIG. 6 Installation and FillingGabionsD7014 185when placing the stone to ensure that the PVC coating onmattresses is not damaged. Sufficient hand manipulation of therock shall b
47、e performed to minimize voids and result in amaximum density of rock in the mattress. Filling shall be doneunit by unit, but several units shall be ready for filling at anyone time.FIG. 7 Installation and FillingGabionsFIG. 8 GabionsStiffeners and Cross TiesFIG. 9 GabionsStiffeners and Cross Ties De
48、tailsD7014 1869.2.3 Ensure that the diaphragm tops are accessible forwiring. Securely attach the lids to the ends of the mattressesand then securely attach them to the sides and diaphragms,using alternate double and single loops, or steel wire ringfasteners. Adjacent lids can be securely attached in
49、 oneoperation. In cases where a number of adjacent bases are to becovered simultaneously, rolls of mesh can be used in place ofunit size lids.10. Onsite Gabion and Revet Mattress Modifications10.1 Non-rectangular Shapes and Special AdaptationWhere a complete gabion or revet mattress cannot be installedbecause of space limitations, the basket unit shall be cut, foldedor overlapped, and securely connected as specified in Section 7to suit existing site conditions.10.2 Gabion and revet mattresses can conform to bends upto a radius of 18 m to 21 m (60 ft to 70 ft)
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