1、Designation: D 7030 04Standard Test Method forShort Term Creep Performance of Corrugated FiberboardContainers Under Constant Load Using a Compression TestMachine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7030; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determining the resistance of anempty pape
3、r corrugated shipping container to a verticallyapplied constant compression load for a specified time. The testmethod may also include palletized or unitized loads made ofsuch containers. The boxes are tested in the orientation thatthey are most likely to be stacked in a unitized or palletizedload.1
4、.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Do
5、cuments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resis-tance of Shipping Containers, Components, and UnitLoadsD 644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven DryingD 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD 996 Terminology of Pa
6、ckaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD 4577 Test Method for Compression Resistance of aContainer Under Constant LoadE 4 Practice for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Siz
7、e to Estimate aMeasure of Average Quality for a Lot or Process3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for the packaging anddistribution environments are found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 constant loada load that is invariable or unchang-ing.
8、3.2.2 creepcontinued deformation over time while underconstant load.3.2.3 loadthe force applied to a body.3.2.4 static loadan imposed stationary force, constant inmagnitude and direction.4. Significance and Use4.1 In the distribution system, the packaged product may bestored for a period of time in
9、a manner such that one or morecontainers are stacked on one another. The bottom package isthus continually subjected to a constant compression load.4.2 This test method subjects an empty container to apredetermined static load and to specified atmospheric condi-tions, if required, over a short perio
10、d of time using fixed platencompression testing equipment. Deflection is measured overtime.4.3 Deflection versus time data can be used to predict timeto failure of corrugated shipping containers under constantload.5. Apparatus5.1 Fixed-Platen Testing MachineTwo platens, flat towithin 0.01 in. (0.25
11、mm) for each 12 in. (304.8 mm) in length,one of which is movable in the vertical direction so as tocompress the container between the platens. One is the loadmeasuring platen, and both should be of sufficient size so thatthe test container does not extend beyond the edges of theplatens. Both platens
12、 are fixed in the horizontal directions sothat the lateral movement is not greater than 0.05 in. (1.3 mm),and are held parallel throughout the test to within 0.04 in. (11This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.
13、22 on Physical TestMethods.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published May 2004.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
14、 page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.mm) for each 12 in. (304.8 mm) in the length and widthdimensions. See Fig. 1. The testing machine should be capableto maintain load within 1 % of the required l
15、evel for theduration of the test.5.2 Closing Equipment for Fiberboard BoxesSuitablematerials and application equipment for closing boxes shouldbe used. If adhesives are used, sealing boards described in TestMethod D 642 may be needed.5.3 Conditioning ApparatusAdequate facilities shall beprovided to
16、maintain a conditioned atmosphere of temperatureand humidity as required for the purpose of the test.5.4 Miscellaneous EquipmentDrying oven, scales, knife,saws, and the like, for use in determination of the moisturecontent or for making other supplementary tests of the mate-rials from which the cont
17、ainers are made.6. Calibration6.1 The accuracy of the test equipment must be verified toensure reliable test data.6.1.1 The overall system accuracy of the recorded or indi-cated applied load (force) shall be verified in accordance withPractice E 4. The verified loading range shall be specified, ande
18、rrors within the loading range shall not exceed 61.0 % of thereading (as calculated in Practice E 4). If testing below thePractice E 4 verified loading range is desired, then the maxi-mum permissible error shall not exceed 60.2 % of the fullrange of the force sensor, calculated as follows:E 5 FS3 0.
19、002where:E = maximum permissible error, lbf or N, andFS= force sensors full range, lbf or N.6.1.2 The accuracy of the recorded or indicated platendisplacement must be verified in accordance with the equip-ment manufacturers recommended procedures. The error,including the effects of any backlash in t
20、he loading system,shall not exceed 60.1 in. (62.5 mm).6.1.3 The accuracy of the platen travel rate at 0.5 in./min(12.7 mm/min) must be verified throughout each loading rangein accordance with the equipment manufacturers recom-mended procedures. The error, including any backlash in theloading system,
21、 shall not exceed 60.10 in./min (62.5 mm/min).7. Test Specimens and Number of Tests7.1 The containers being tested shall be complete in allrespects. Tests should be conducted on empty containers. Thecontainers should be closed and secured in the same manner aswill be used in preparing them for shipm
22、ent (for example, tape,FIG. 1 Corrugated Container Under Creep Test in Compression Test MachineD7030042strapping). Include any internal load-bearing members likepartitions, and corner posts, if used in actual shipments.7.2 Performance should be based on tests of not fewer thanfive representative spe
23、cimens of a given size and type ofcontainer.7.3 Refer to Practice E 122 for additional information onsample size.8. Conditioning8.1 When required, the container should be conditioned forthe static load test by exposure to fixed or controlled variableconditions of temperature and humidity.8.1.1 Where
24、 applicable, a special atmosphere selected fromthose specified in Practice D 4332 may be used.8.2 The test container shall be preconditioned in the desiredatmosphere for such a time as is necessary to bring thecontainer into equilibrium with that atmosphere and using thetechniques in Practice D 685.
25、9. Procedure9.1 Select the constant load to which the container will besubjected. The selection may be based on:9.1.1 The load to which a bottom container in a stack will besubjected to in storage.9.1.2 A percentage of the value obtained by Test MethodD 642 on a similar container.9.2 Center the spec
26、imen on the bottom platen of the testingapparatus so as not to incur eccentric loading.9.3 Place the test load on the specimen. The load shall beapplied with a continuous motion of the movable platen of thetesting machine at a speed of 0.5 6 0.1 in. (12.7 6 2.5mm)/min until the specified load is att
27、ained. Maintain thecompressive force at that setting with an accuracy of 1 %.9.4 The entire duration of the compression creep test shouldbe performed under fixed climatic conditions such as standardconditions of 73F and 50% relative humidity or at otherclimatic conditions as described in Practice D
28、4332.9.5 The deflection shall be taken as zero the moment whenfull load has been established.9.6 Record the deflection versus time values over a pre-determined period. The recommended test time is 12 h.9.7 Moisture Content (when Specified):9.7.1 Fiberboard ContainersDetermine the moisture con-tent o
29、f fiberboard at the end of the test in accordance with TestMethod D 644.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 A statement indicating that the tests were performedin accordance with this test method, except where noted.10.1.2 Container Structural and Physical Specifications:10.1.2.1
30、Inside dimensions should be specified for all cor-rugated fiberboard containers.10.1.2.2 Description and specification of materials, style ofcontainer, access holes, and double scores.10.1.2.3 Description and specifications for interior packag-ing, if used.10.1.2.4 Spacing, size, and type of fastene
31、rs and method ofclosure.10.1.2.5 Printing amount and location on container. Recordcaliper of printed and plain surfaces.10.1.3 Detailed Results for Each Test Specimen:10.1.3.1 Pre- and post-test conditions of the container.10.1.3.2 Any observations that may assist in correctly inter-preting the resu
32、lts or aid in improving the design of thecontainer (for example, photographic evidence of containerdamage).10.1.3.3 Nature of failure and description of sidewall defor-mation (inwards or outwards).10.1.3.4 Any tests performed on the test specimen prior tocompression testing.10.1.3.5 Graph or table s
33、howing the deformation-time rela-tionship for each test.10.1.3.6 Number of specimens tested.10.1.3.7 Mean and standard deviation calculations of allspecimens tested for the slope of the deflection-time plotreported in inches/hour.10.1.4 Identification of Test Apparatus and InstrumentationUsed, Inclu
34、ding Manufacturers Names and Model Numbers.10.1.4.1 Type of test machine used. Include details of anyknown modifications.10.1.4.2 Orientation in which the specimen was tested.10.1.4.3 Date of last calibration of apparatus and recordinginstrumentation.10.1.5 Method, if any, of conditioning the contai
35、ner.10.1.6 The moisture content of the fiberboard, if deter-mined.10.1.7 The results of any supplementary tests of the mate-rials from which the container is made.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionThe subcommittee has conducted an analy-sis of the data based on limited testing by one laboratory. T
36、hesewere top loaded empty regular slotted corrugated containerstested for 12 h at 20, 40, 60 and 80 % of the containers TestMethod D 642 compression strength. The within-laboratoryrepeatability (standard deviation of the deflection after 12 h asa percent of the mean of five replicates of two differe
37、nt sizeboxes tested at 20, 40, 60 and 80 % of their Test Method D 642compression strength) was 3.75 %.11.2 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made on the biasof this test method since a true or absolute value cannot beestablished by an accepted reference method.12. Keywords12.1 compression test; cr
38、eep test; duration of load; packag-ing; shipping container; shipping unit; stacking life; storageenvironmentD7030043ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. PROCEDURE TO PREDICT CONTAINER LIFE TO FAILUREA1.1 The following discussion demonstrates a method ofcalculation for time-to-failure using 12-h creep dat
39、a. A straightline is fitted to the deflection versus time data for a particularload level from the 12-h creep test. The fit can be donegraphically or by using curve fitting software. The slope of thestraight line is the average creep rate during the 12-h test forthis load level. This average creep r
40、ate is then adjusted to yieldthe average creep rate over the time-to-failure using3,4R 5 R123 P/1002P! (A1.1)where:R12= average creep rate in 12-h test (slope of straight linefitted to creep data), andP = load level expressed as a percent of Test MethodD 642 compression strength.A1.2 The predicted t
41、ime-to-failure is the time required toreach the Test Method D 642 failure deflection while deform-ing at the adjusted creep rate,T 5DR(A1.2)where:T = time to fail,D = Test Method D 642 failure deflection, andR = adjusted creep rate.A1.3 The data in the reference studies3,4show that thepredicted valu
42、es were within 3 days for actual values for toploads that are between 40 to 60 % of the compression strength.This method allows the use of an accelerated test method topredict failure time more accurately than traditional methods ofusing factors with compression strength values.ASTM International ta
43、kes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own r
44、esponsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addre
45、ssed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at t
46、he address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (p
47、hone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).3Burgess, G., Singh, S. P., and Srinangyam, M., “Predicting Collapse Times forCorrugated Boxes Under Constant Top Load Using Short Term Creep Tests,”Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Paper Under Review for Publication, 2003.4Singh, S.P., and Burgess, G.,“Creep Performance Data for Corrugated Boxes:Accelerated vs. Long Term Compression Strength,” Inside PreShipment Testing, 3rdQuarter, 2003.D7030044
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