1、Designation: D 7034 05Standard Guide forDeriving Acceptable Levels of Airborne ChemicalContaminants in Aircraft Cabins Based on Health andComfort Considerations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7034; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides methodology to assist in interpret-ing results
3、of air quality measurements conducted in aircraftcabins. In particular, the guide describes methodology forderiving acceptable concentrations for airborne chemical con-taminants, based on health and comfort considerations.1.2 The procedures for deriving acceptable concentrationsare based on consider
4、ations of comfort and health effects,including odor and irritant effects, of individual chemicalcontaminants being evaluated. The guide does not providespecific benchmark or guidance values for individual chemi-cals to compare with results of air quality measurements.1.3 Chemical contaminant exposur
5、es under both routine andepisodic conditions for passengers and crew are considered.1.4 This guide does not address airborne microbiologicalcontaminants, which are also important in consideration ofaircraft cabin air quality. This guide also does not addressmethodologies for investigations of air qu
6、ality complaints.1.5 This guide assumes that a list of chemical contaminantsof potential concern has been developed based on existingconcentration, emission, or material composition data.1.6 The primary information resources for developing ac-ceptable concentrations are databases and documents main-
7、tained or published by cognizant authorities or organizationsconcerned with health effects of exposure to contaminants.1.7 Acceptable concentrations developed through this guidemay be used as a basis for selecting test methods with adequatereliability and sensitivity to assess the acceptability of a
8、ircraftcabin environments.1.8 Procedures described in this guide should be carried outin consultation with qualified toxicologists and health effectsspecialists to ensure that acceptable concentrations developedare consistent with the current scientific understanding andknowledge base.1.9 This stand
9、ard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 A
10、STM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD 6399 Guide for Selecting Instruments and Methods forMeasuring Air Quality in Aircraft CabinsE 609 Terminology Relating to PesticidesE 943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and En-vironmental Fate2.2 Other Sta
11、ndards:314 CFR 25 Airworthiness Standards29 CFR 1910 Occupational Safety And Health Standards40 CFR 50 National Ambient Air Quality Standards3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminologies D 1356, E 609, and E 943.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The purpose of
12、this guide is to provide methodology forinterpretation of air quality data obtained by measurementsconducted in aircraft cabins. Acceptable concentrations devel-oped through this guide may also be used as a basis forselecting test methods with adequate reliability and sensitivityfor measuring cabin
13、air quality.4.2 To provide a background for assessment of cabin airquality, the guide summarizes information on the concepts ofexposure, dose, and related health effects, and makes a distinc-tion between chronic (long-term) and acute (short-term) ef-fects.4.3 This guide describes data sources and pr
14、ocedures forderiving acceptable concentrations in aircraft passenger cabins.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Sampling andAnalysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05on Indoor Air.Current edition approved January 1, 2005. Published Janu
15、ary 2005. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 7034 - 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document S
16、ummary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.The acceptable co
17、ncentrations are based on characterization ofrisk of chronic and acute inhalation exposure. Risk character-ization also includes an assessment of potential odor problems.4.4 An eight-step procedure is described for deriving anacceptable level for an airborne contaminant in aircraft cabinsthat consid
18、ers both chronic and acute effects. The steps are:4.4.1 Select population to be considered;4.4.2 Choose effects to be considered;4.4.3 Develop a summary of standards/guidelines andhealth effects data;4.4.4 Develop scenarios for exposure;4.4.5 Select risk levels of concern;4.4.6 Calculate level of co
19、ncern for each selected effect;4.4.7 Determine an acceptable concentration for aircraftcabins; and4.4.8 Compare acceptable concentration with existing infor-mation.4.5 Guidance also is provided on development of a reportthat summarizes the methodology and underlying assumptions,and describes implica
20、tions of results, including limitations.5. Significance and Use5.1 Although cabin air quality has been measured on nu-merous occasions and in many studies, there is very littleguidance available for interpreting such data. Guidance foridentifying contaminants and associated exposure levels thatwould
21、 cause concern in aircraft cabins is very limited. FAAAirworthiness Standards (14 CFR 25) constitute the onlysource of regulatory guidance that explicitly applies to theaircraft cabin environment. The FAA standards, however,define acceptable exposure limits for a limited number ofchemical contaminan
22、ts (ozone, carbon dioxide, and carbonmonoxide). Another limitation of the FAA standards is thatthese are design standards only and are not operationalstandards; thus, once an aircraft is put in service thesestandards are not strictly applicable.5.2 Measurements of aircraft cabin air quality often le
23、ad toa much larger list of volatile and semi-volatile organic chemi-cals of potential concern. Exposures to these chemicals,however, are largely unregulated outside of the industrialworkplace.5.3 An important feature of the aircraft cabin environment isthat both passengers (public) and flight attend
24、ants (workerpopulation) occupy it simultaneously. Therefore, workplaceexposure guidelines cannot simply be extended to addressexposures in aircraft cabin environment. Also, the length offlights and work shifts can vary considerably for flight atten-dants.5.4 Contaminant levels of concern for the gen
25、eral publicmust account for the non-homogeneity of the population (forexample, address sensitive individuals, the differences betweenpassenger and crew activity levels, location, health status,personal microenvironment). Levels of concern associatedwith industrial workplace exposures typically consi
26、der a popu-lation of healthy adults exposed for 40 h per week (1).4Consequently, exposure criteria developed to protect publichealth typically are more stringent than those for workers.5.4.1 Given that the aircraft cabin environment must meetthe needs of passengers as well as crew, a more stringentc
27、oncentration level based upon the general population wouldprotect both.5.4.2 Aircraft cabin air quality must be addressed bothduring flight and on the ground because the conditions duringflight are much different than when the aircraft is on theground.6. Exposure and Effects6.1 Concepts of Exposure
28、and Dose:6.1.1 Exposure is defined as human contact with a chemicalor physical agent (see Terminology E 943). Exposure via theinhalation route, of interest in this guide, can be expressed asthe product of airborne concentration times the duration ofexposure, provided that the concentration remains c
29、onstantduring the time period of interest. If the airborne concentrationvaries over time, then exposure is defined as the area under thecurve (integral of all the finite or momentary concentrations)obtained when concentration values are plotted against time.Exposure is expressed as concentration mul
30、tiplied by time withresultant units such as ppm-h or mg/m3-h. The relevantexposure measure depends on the type of biological effect.Some effects, for example, allergic sensitization, may dependmore on frequency of peak exposure above a certain limit thanon the exposure measures described here.6.1.2
31、Dose is the quantity of chemical or physical agent thatenters an organism or target organ (see Terminology E 609),with units such as mg. Dose also can be expressed as a rate,with mass/time units such as mg/day. The dose rate can benormalized in relation to body mass, with units such asmg/kg-day. A s
32、pecific term that often is used in risk character-ization is potential inhaled dosethe product of averageconcentration in an environment (mg/m3) times the duration inthe environment (h) times the average breathing rate while inthe environment (m3/h), commonly expressed in mass unitssuch as mg.6.1.3
33、Chronic exposure generally refers to a long-termperspective such as repeated exposures or the cumulativeexposure for more than 3 months.6.1.4 Acute exposure refers to a short-term exposure to asubstance occurring from a single incident or over a period lessthan 24 h. In the case of occupational expo
34、sures, exposurelimits have been defined for certain chemicals for 8-h workdayperiods and short-term, 15-min periods.6.2 Chronic Effects:6.2.1 The risk of cancer, due to lifetime exposure to acontaminant, typically is calculated using the slope for thelow-dose linear portion of the dose-response curv
35、e for thecontaminant. For cancer, a threshold for dose-response may notbe known or, if one does exist, it may be very low and cannotbe reliably identified. If the slope for the low-dose linearportion of the dose-response curve for the contaminant isunknown or uncharacterized, methodologies are avail
36、able inthe peer-reviewed literature to approximate the dose-responsecurve (2).4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.D70340526.2.2 For chronic toxic effects other than cancer, one gen-erally accepted procedure used for evaluating health effect
37、sinvolves identifying the highest exposure among all experi-mental studies at which no toxic effect has been observed, thatis, the “no observed adverse effect level” or NOAEL. The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has developedchronic and non-chronic inhalation reference concentrations(RfC
38、s) for some contaminants for comparison with the averageconcentration to which an individual has been exposed over arelatively long period; the sub-chronic RfCs pertain to expo-sures of less than 7 years (3). Minimum risk levels (MRLs)have been derived by the Agency for Toxic Substances andDisease R
39、egistry (ATSDR) for chronic exposure periods of 365days and longer (4).6.3 Acute Effects:6.3.1 Specific guidelines available for considering acuteeffects of exposure to contaminants in air are quite limited.Minimum risk levels (MRLs) have been derived for acuteexposures of one day to 14 days (4). Ot
40、her guidelines such asAcute Exposure Guidelines Levels (AEGLs) developed by theNational Advisory Committee Acute Exposure Guideline Lev-els for Hazardous Substances (NAC/AEGL Committee) areapplicable only for one-time, short-term hazardous exposuresduring chemical emergency situations (5). For occup
41、ationalsettings, the National Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth (NIOSH) develops and recommends criteria for pre-venting disease or hazardous conditions. NIOSH recom-mended exposure limits (NIOSH RELs) are expressed as atime-weighted average for up to 10 h/day during a 40-hworkweek. The NI
42、OSH RELs are also expressed as a short-term exposure limit (STEL) that should never be exceeded overa specified timeusually 15 min or as ceiling limit that shouldnever be exceeded even instantaneously (6). In conjunctionwith recommendations from NIOSH, the Occupational Safetyand (ii) the lower press
43、urecould cause adverse effects or could exacerbate effect(s) ofchemicals. These effects of pressure should be considered forchemicals for which such data are available.6.8.2 There is a possibility that the flow rate of samplingpumps under reduced pressures may vary from a value pre-setand calibrated
44、 under different pressure conditions (for ex-ample, at sea-level). The manufacturer should be consulted toD7034053determine whether a specific pump type is affected, or prefer-ably, the pumps should be calibrated under the conditions ofuse. Certain types of flow meters (for example, rotometers) ares
45、trongly affected by pressure differences, and should either notbe used, or should be calibrated under the conditions of use (Itmay also be possible to calculate the magnitude of the effect fora specific pressure and apply a correction to the reading.).Rotometers provided with certain types of pumps
46、are for flowindication purposes only and cannot be used for accuratemeasurement of flow rate.7. Procedure7.1 Select Population to be Considered:7.1.1 A first step in deriving an acceptable level for anairborne contaminant in aircraft cabins is to select the popula-tion to which such levels will appl
47、y. Two major populationgroups in aircraft cabins are the cabin crew and the passengers.If the selected population were the cabin crew, then occupa-tional guidelines would be influential in determining theacceptable level. However, occupational guidelines need totake into account the atmosphere at cr
48、uise conditions ratherthan ground-level environments. On the other hand, if only thepassenger population is of interest, then public health guide-lines will have stronger influence in determining the acceptablelevel. Further, if a highly sensitive subset of passengers (forexample, those with a pre-e
49、xisting condition that may makethem more sensitive to chemical exposures) is considered, thenthe selected level will be need to address the higher level ofprotection that may need to be provided for such individuals.7.2 Choose Effects to be Considered:7.2.1 One of the primary considerations in choosing thetype of effect(s) is the frequency/duration of exposure. The twomajor types of exposures to be considered are (1) repeatedexposures to the routine or typical cabin environment and (2)infrequent exposures to episodic conditions in the cabin. Thefirst type can contribute to long-term
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