1、Designation: D 7100 06Standard Test Method forHydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils withAqueous Solutions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers hydraulic conductivity compat-ibility testing of saturated soils in the laboratory
3、 with aqueoussolutions that may alter hydraulic conductivity (for example,waste related liquids) using a flexible-wall permeameter. Ahydraulic conductivity test is conducted until both hydraulicand chemical equilibrium are achieved such that potentialinteractions between the soil specimen being perm
4、eated andthe aqueous solution are taken into consideration with respectto the measured hydraulic conductivity.1.2 This test method is applicable to soils with hydraulicconductivities less than approximately 1 3 10-8m/s.1.3 In addition to hydraulic conductivity, intrinsic perme-ability can be determi
5、ned for a soil if the density and viscosityof the aqueous solution are known or can be determined.1.4 This test method can be used for all specimen types,including undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted,etc. specimens.1.5 Aspecimen may be saturated and permeated using threemethods. Method 1
6、 is for saturation with water and permeationwith aqueous solution. Method 2 is for saturation and perme-ation with aqueous solution. Method 3 is for saturation withwater, initial permeation with water, and subsequent perme-ation with aqueous solution.1.6 The amount of flow through a specimen in resp
7、onse toa hydraulic gradient generated across the specimen is measuredwith respect to time. The amount and properties of influent andeffluent liquids are monitored during the test.1.7 The hydraulic conductivity with an aqueous solution isdetermined using procedures similar to determination of hy-drau
8、lic conductivity of saturated soils with water as describedin Test Methods D 5084. Several test procedures can be used,including the falling headwater-rising tailwater, the constant-head, the falling headwater-constant tailwater, or the constantrate-of-flow test procedures.1.8 The standard units for
9、 the hydraulic conductivity valuesare the SI units, unless other units are specified. Hydraulicconductivity has traditionally been expressed in cm/s in theU.S., even though the official SI unit for hydraulic conductivityis m/s.1.9 This standard contains a Hazards section related to usinghazardous li
10、quids (Section 7).1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
11、use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater Pycnome
12、terD 888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in WaterD 1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Re-sistivity of WaterD 1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD 1429 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Water andBrineD 1498 Practice for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of WaterD 1557 Test Methods for L
13、aboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD 1889 Test Method for Turbidity of WaterD 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content o
14、f Soil and Rock by MassD 2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subco
15、mmittee D18.04 on HydrologicProperties of Soil and Rocks.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Orginally approvedin 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 7100 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
16、serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Drive Sampling of SoilsD 3740 Practice for Minimum
17、Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 3977 Test Methods for Determining Sediment Concen-tration in Water SamplesD 4128 Guide for Identification and Quantitation of Or-ganic Compounds in Water by Combined Gas
18、Chromatog-raphy and Electron Impact Mass SpectrometryD 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD 4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by ChemicallySuppressed Ion ChromatographyD 4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water MonitoringWellsD 4691 Practice for Measuring Elements in Water by F
19、lameAtomic Absorption SpectrophotometryD 4696 Guide for Pore-Liquid Sampling from the VadoseZoneD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD 4767 Test Me
20、thod for Consolidated Undrained TriaxialCompression Test for Cohesive SoilsD 4972 Test Method for pH of SoilsD 5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD 5673 Test Method for Elements in Water by InductivelyCoupled Pla
21、smaMass SpectrometryD 5790 Test Method for Measurement of Purgeable OrganicCompounds in Water by Capillary Column GasChromatography/Mass SpectrometryD 6001 Guide for Direct-Push Ground Water Sampling forEnvironmental Site CharacterizationD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal
22、DataD 6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil SamplingD 6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Envi-ronmental Site CharacterizationD 6517 Guide for Field Preservation of Ground-WaterSamplesD 6519 Practice for Sampling of Soil Using the Hydrauli-cal
23、ly Operated Stationary Piston SamplerD 6919 Test Method for Determination of Dissolved Alkaliand Alkaline Earth Cations and Ammonium in Water andWastewater by Ion ChromatographyE70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With theGlass ElectrodeE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study t
24、oDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 hydraulic conductivity, k(also referred to as coeffi-cient of permeability or permeability) the rate of discharge ofa permeant liquid under laminar flow conditions through a unitcross-sectional area of porous medium under a
25、 unit hydraulicgradient and at standard temperature (20C).3.1.2 permeameterthe apparatus (cell) containing the testspecimen in a hydraulic conductivity test.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe apparatus for this test standard is aflexible-wall cell that includes top and bottom specimen caps,including porous stone
26、s and filter paper, a flexible membrane,an annulus chamber containing water, top and bottom plates,valves, and fittings.3.1.3 head loss, hthe change in total head of liquid acrossa given distance.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe change in total head typically ismeasured using heads acting at influent and efflu
27、ent ends of aspecimen, and the given distance typically is the length of thetest specimen.3.1.4 pore volume of flowthe cumulative quantity of flowthrough a test specimen divided by the total volume of voids inthe specimen.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe volume of voids in a specimen thatis effective in conduc
28、ting flow may be lower than the totalvolume of voids. The voids that conduct flow are representedby an effective porosity. The effective porosity is lower than thetotal porosity. This difference affects the accuracy for deter-mining the actual pore volumes of flow associated with a test.However, the
29、 presence and magnitude of effective porosity ina soil specimen is usually not known a priori. Therefore, forthe purposes of this standard, the determination of the porevolumes of flow will be based on the total porosity of thespecimen.3.1.5 back pressurea pressure applied to the specimenpore liquid
30、 to force any air present in the specimen to compressand to therefore pass into the pore liquid resulting in anincrease of the degree of saturation of the specimen.3.2 Refer to Terminology D 653 for definitions of otherterms in this standard.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is used to mea
31、sure one-dimensionalflow of aqueous solutions (for example, landfill leachates,liquid wastes and byproducts, single and mixed chemicals, etc.,from hereon referred to as the permeant liquid) throughinitially saturated soils under an applied hydraulic gradient andeffective stress. Interactions between
32、 some permeant liquidsand some clayey soils have resulted in significant increases inthe hydraulic conductivity of the soils relative to the hydraulicconductivity of the same soils permeated with water (1).3Thistest method is used to evaluate the presence and effect ofpotential interactions between
33、the soil specimen being perme-ated and the permeant liquid on the hydraulic conductivity ofthe soil specimen. Test programs may include comparisonsbetween the hydraulic conductivity of soils permeated withwater relative to the hydraulic conductivity of the same soilspermeated with aqueous solutions
34、to determine variations inthe hydraulic conductivity of the soils due to the aqueoussolutions.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.D71000624.2 Flexible-wall hydraulic conductivity testing is used todetermine flow characteristics of aqueous s
35、olutions throughsoils. Hydraulic conductivity testing using flexible-wall cells isusually preferred over rigid-wall cells for testing with aqueoussolutions due to the potential for sidewall leakage problemswith rigid-wall cells. Excessive sidewall leakage may occur,for example, when a test soil shri
36、nks during permeation withthe permeant liquid due to interactions between the soil and thepermeant liquid in a rigid-wall cell. In addition, the use of arigid-wall cell does not allow for control of the effectivestresses that exist in the test specimen.4.3 Darcys law describes laminar flow through a
37、 test soil.Laminar flow conditions and, therefore, Darcys law may notbe valid under certain test conditions. For example, interactionsbetween a permeating liquid and a soil may cause severechanneling/cracking of the soil such that laminar flow is notmaintained through a test specimen containing larg
38、e openpathways for flow.4.4 Interactions that may clog the pore spaces of test soils(for example, precipitation) may occur during permeation withsome permeant liquids. Flow through test soils may be severelyrestricted in these cases. In cases where the measured hydraulicconductivity is less than 1 3
39、 10-12m/s, unsteady state analysismay be used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of testsoils (2).4.5 Specimens of initially water-saturated soils (for ex-ample, undisturbed natural soils) may be permeated with thepermeant liquid. Specimens of water unsaturated soils (forexample, compacted soil
40、s) may be fully saturated with water orthe permeant liquid and then permeated with the permeantliquid. Specimens of soils initially partly or fully saturated witha particular liquid (for example, specimens collected from acontainment facility subsequent to a period of use) may befully saturated and
41、then permeated with the same or anotherliquid. The use of different saturating and permeating liquidscan have significant effects both on the results and theinterpretation of the results of a test (1). Selection of type andsequence of liquids for saturation and permeation of testspecimens is based o
42、n the characteristics of the test specimensand the requirements of the specific application for which thehydraulic conductivity testing is being conducted in a testprogram. The user of this standard is responsible for selectingand specifying the saturation and permeation conditions thatbest represen
43、t the intended application.4.6 Hydraulic conductivity of a soil with water and aqueoussolution can be determined using two approaches in a testprogram for comparisons between the hydraulic conductivitybased on permeation with water and the hydraulic conductivitybased on permeation with aqueous solut
44、ion. In the firstapproach, specimens are initially saturated (if needed) andpermeated with water and then the permeating liquid isswitched to the aqueous solution. This testing sequence allowsfor determination of both water and aqueous solution hydraulicconductivities on the same specimen. Obtaining
45、 water andaqueous solution values on the same specimen reduces theuncertainties associated with specimen preparation, handling,and variations in test conditions. However, such testing se-quences may not represent actual field conditions and mayaffect the results of a test. In the second approach, tw
46、ospecimens of the same soil are permeated, with one specimenbeing permeated with water and the other specimen beingpermeated with the aqueous solution. The specimens areprepared using the same sample preparation and handlingmethods and tested under the same testing conditions. Thisapproach may repre
47、sent actual field conditions better than thefirst approach, however, uncertainties may arise due to the useof separate specimens for determining hydraulic conductivitiesbased on permeation with water and the aqueous solution.Guidelines for preparing and testing multiple specimens forcomparative stud
48、ies are provided in Practice E 691. The user ofthis standard shall be responsible for selecting and specifyingthe approach that best represents the intended application whencomparisons of hydraulic conductivity are required.4.7 Termination criteria used in the test method are based onboth achieving
49、steady-state conditions with respect to flow andequilibrium between the chemical composition of the effluent(outflow) relative to the influent (inflow).4.8 Intrinsic permeability can be determined in addition tohydraulic conductivity using results of permeation tests de-scribed in this standard.4.9 The correlation between results obtained using this testmethod and the hydraulic conductivities of in-place fieldmaterials has not been completely determined. Differencesmay exist between the hydraulic conductivities measured onsmall test specimens in the laboratory and those
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