1、Designation: D7113/D7113M 10Standard Test Method forDensity of Bituminous Paving Mixtures in Place by theElectromagnetic Surface Contact Methods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7113/D7113M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption o
2、r, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1
3、.1 This test method covers the procedures for determiningthe in-place density and relative compaction of bituminousconcrete pavement paving mixtures by an electromagneticsurface contact device by measuring changes in the electro-magnetic field resulting from the compaction process.1.2 The equipment
4、referenced in this method is a surfacecontact device, which must accommodate surface moisture andtemperature variation in the range typically encountered inpaving applications. This can be accomplished by designparameters that reduce the devices sensitivity to surfacemoisture and temperature variati
5、on or by measurements andalgorithms to account for surface moisture and temperaturevariance in the rolling pattern.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsyste
6、m shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish
7、appro-priate safety and health practices prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD1188 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using CoatedSam
8、plesD2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous MixturesD3665 Practice for Random Sampling of Construction Ma-terialsD3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving MaterialsD5361 Practice for Samplin
9、g Compacted Bituminous Mix-tures for Laboratory TestingD6752 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using AutomaticVacuum Sealing Method3. Significance and Use3.1 The test method described is useful as a rapid, nonde-structive technique for determining the
10、in-place density orrelative compaction of compacted bituminous mixtures.3.2 The test method can be used to establish the properrolling effort and pattern to achieve the required density.3.3 The non-destructive nature of the test allows repetitivemeasurements to be made at a single test location betw
11、eenroller passes or at multiple locations across the mat to monitorchanges in density.3.4 The density results obtained by this test method arerelative. Device calibration (correlation with other test meth-ods is required to convert the results obtained using thismethod to actual density. Section 6 o
12、f this test methoddescribes a method that has proven to be acceptable forcorrelation.NOTE 1The personnel and equipment used in performing this test canbe evaluated in accordance with Specification D3666.NOTE 2Research and evaluation of devices used in this test methodhas been conducted. Reference is
13、 made to “Evaluation of Non-Nuclear1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.21 onSpecific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010 Published December 2010
14、. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D7113 09. DOI:10.1520/D7113_D7113M-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the st
15、andards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Gauges to Measure Density of Hot-Mixed Asphalt Pavements,” a pooledfund study, Pedro Romero, Ph.D., P.E., July 2002.4. Interferences4.1
16、Electromagnetic force fields such as high-tension powerlines, or large metal objects in close proximity may interferewith the device reading.4.2 The chemical composition of the material being testedmay significantly affect the measurement and adjustments maybe necessary. The device can be calibrated
17、 to the specific mixdesign being used in the field.4.3 The test method exhibits spatial bias in that the device ismost sensitive to the density of the material in closest prox-imity to the sensor.4.4 The surface texture of the material being tested maycause lower than actual density determination.4.
18、5 Oversize aggregate particles in the sensor path maycause variations in density determination.4.6 The actual sample volume varies with the apparatus andthe density of the material. In general, the higher the densitythe smaller the volume ( see Note 3).NOTE 3The volume of field compacted material re
19、presented by a testcan effectively be increased by repeating the test at adjacent locations andaveraging the results.5. Apparatus5.1 Electronic Sensing DeviceAn electronic counting de-vice, capable of being seated on the surface of the materialunder test, and which meets the outline below:5.1.1 The
20、device shall be housed in an enclosure of heavy-duty construction and designed for taking in-situ densitymeasurements of bituminous paving mixtures.5.1.2 The device shall function in the mat temperature andmoisture levels experienced during the placement of hotbituminous paving mixtures.5.1.3 The de
21、vice shall include the internal circuitry suitablefor displaying individual measurements to allow operators torecord the readings.5.1.4 The device shall include a continuous reading mode ofoperation.5.1.5 The device shall employ suitable electronic circuitryto provide power and signal conditioning t
22、o the sensor toprovide the data acquisition and readout function, and allowcalibration of the unit over the expected range of applicationconditions and materials.NOTE 4The device manufacturer may choose to supply a ReferenceStandard, a block of material used for checking device operation and toestab
23、lish conditions before actual pavement measurements are made.6. Calibration6.1 Calibrate the device for each mixture prior to perform-ing tests on that particular mixture.6.2 Record the calibration method used and the specificvalues obtained for future use of the device on the same typeof material.6
24、.3 The calibration must be conducted on the mat within themat temperature range that will be encountered during subse-quent testing.6.4 The core calibration allows the device to be offset to aspecific density measured using Test Method D1188, TestMethod D2726, or Test Method D6752.6.4.1 Identify thr
25、ee to ten test locations withina3m10ftlength in the direction of the paving train on the mat.6.4.2 At each location take a minimum of four measure-ments following the device manufacturers recommendationfor seating the device on the pavement and the procedures ofoperation noted in 7.7.6.4.3 Record ea
26、ch individual measurement and the averagefor each location.6.4.4 Cut a 150 mm 6 in. core from the pavement locationin accordance with Practice D5361 and proceed with theappropriate test method for determining the bulk specificgravity of the compacted specimen.6.4.5 Average all device readings.Averag
27、e all core measure-ments. Compare these values to determine a device offset.6.4.6 Offset the device reading to reflect the value derived instep 6.4.5.7. Procedure of Operation7.1 The device should be turned on sufficiently in advanceof taking any readings to allow the device to stabilize.7.2 Standar
28、dize the device using the manufacturers proce-dures as described in the device operation manual.7.3 Select a test location in accordance with the projectspecifications, or, if not otherwise specified, in accordance withPractice D3665.7.4 Ensure that no sources of electromagnetic interferencesuch as
29、high-tension power lines or large metal objects are nearthe immediate vicinity of the device.7.5 For best results, avoid surfaces with large temperatureextremes.7.6 The following procedure may be used to determine therequired number of roller passes:7.6.1 Measure and record readings on the un-compac
30、tedmixture exiting the screed.7.6.2 After each roller pass, measure and record the com-paction readings.7.6.3 When the measurements no longer increase or fallback with additional roller passes, record this reading and thenumber of passes.7.6.4 Repeat steps 7.6.1 and 7.6.2 after each roller typewhere
31、 compaction is to be monitored.7.7 The following procedure may be used for taking mea-surements on one or more pavement locations:7.7.1 Select a smooth surface with no excess water (rollerwater is acceptable). Brush the surface clear of any sand orstones, which would prevent contact between the surf
32、ace andthe measuring device. The optimum condition for generaltesting would be a smooth surface, with total contact betweenthe bottom surface of the device and the surface being tested.Optimum calibration conditions are the same as above includ-ing recommendations from the device manufacturer withre
33、spect to pavement moisture.7.7.2 Ensure the device is calibrated for the site conditionsand bituminous mix being placed in accordance with Section 6of this test method.D7113/D7113M 1027.7.3 Seat the device on the test surface allowing for themaximum device-to-material surface contact. If necessary,r
34、otate the device to gain the maximum contact and eliminateany rocking or high points in the contact area.7.7.4 For multiple testing and averaging for a specificlocation, follow the device manufacturers recommendation forplacing the device on the mat.7.7.5 If profiling the pavement surface, measure a
35、nd recordeach reading. Compare the individual readings to observableirregularities in the mat that may establish or identify segrega-tion, uniformity or texture issues.7.7.6 After initiating a test, the operator must move awayfrom the device for a minimum distance of 30 cm 1 ft.NOTE 5Do not place th
36、e device on a hot surface unless you areconducting measurements. Prolonged high temperatures may adverselyaffect the devices electronics. The device should be allowed to coolbetween measurements.8. Report8.1 Immediately after taking the density reading(s), recordthe following data:8.1.1 Job site ide
37、ntification and the test site location data,such as station number, offset from centerline, and so forth, inaccordance with locally-established conventions.8.1.2 Device calibration data as specified in Section 6.8.1.3 Individual density readings at each measured pointwithin a test location to the ne
38、arest 0.001 g/cc, together withthe calculated average density value for the location.8.1.4 Corresponding density data (if taken) from alternativemethods for each test location to the nearest 0.001 g/cc. Suchdata may be from nuclear gage or core sample methods.8.1.5 Notation of any qualitative observ
39、ations of testing ormaterial conditions that may affect the accuracy or interpreta-tion of the test results.8.1.6 Temperature of the bituminous mat at the time of thereading, to the nearest 0.5 C, if taken.8.1.7 Dated signature by the test operator.9. Precision and Bias39.1 Precision:9.1.1 Precision
40、 is based on a field experiment in 2008 thatused six gauges from five manufacturers. Materials includedSuperpave 9.5, 12.5, 19.0, and 37.5 HMA used on a construc-tion project sponsored by the New York DOT. Density variedfrom 123.9 to 156.0 pounds per cubic foot with mean of 137.6and standard deviati
41、on 3.089. Each test with a single gauge wasconducted by the same operator, therefore, single-operatorprecision for this statement is also considered to be single-gauge precision if conducted by the same operator.9.1.2 Single Operator PrecisionThe single-operator stan-dard deviation has been found to
42、 be 20.50 kgm31.28 poundsper cubic foot.4Therefore, results of two properly conductedtests by the same operator on the same material should notdiffer by more than 57.67 kgm33.6 pounds per cubic foot.49.1.3 Multilaboratory PrecisionThe multilaboratory stan-dard deviation has been found to be 23.55 kg
43、m31.47 poundsper cubic foot.4Therefore, results of two properly conductedtests from two different laboratories on the same materialshould not differ by more than 65.68 kgm34.1 pounds percubic foot.49.2 Bias:9.2.1 There is no consensus on the most accurate method todetermine the values of density aga
44、inst which this test can becompared. Accordingly, a statement of method bias cannot bemade.NOTE 6With regards to the Bias statement above, any user may electto conduct a comparison of these gauges related to the laboratorymeasured value from core samples. Gauge measurements should be takendirectly o
45、n the location of the pavement where cores will be cut.10. Keywords10.1 bituminous-concrete density; density; in-place density;non-nuclear test method, electronic density deviceASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item ment
46、ionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee
47、and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting
48、 of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO B
49、ox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D04-1033.4These numbers repre
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