ASTM D7139-2009e1 5625 Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers《棉纤维的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: D7139 091Standard Terminology forCotton Fibers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7139; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the

2、 year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTETerms from D7785 were added editorially in May 2012.1. Scope1.1 This standard is the compilation of all terminologydeveloped by Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.1.2 This ter

3、minology is unique to the Cotton Fibers industry.Meanings of the same terms used outside the industry can befound in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D7139 isalso a tool for managing the Subcommittees terminology. Thisincludes

4、finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies,that is, where two or more terms relating to the same conceptare defined in different words.1.4 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of SubcommitteeD13.11.1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see TerminologyD123.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AS

5、TM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution ofCotton Fibers (Array Method)D1441 Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for TestingD1442 Test Method for Maturity of Cotton Fibers (SodiumHydroxide Swelling and Polarized Light Procedures)D1445 Te

6、st Method for Breaking Strength and Elongationof Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)D1447 Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity ofCotton Fibers by Photoelectric MeasurementD1448 Test Method for Micronaire Reading of CottonFibersD1464 Practice for Differential Dyeing Behavior of CottonD1684 Pra

7、ctice for Lighting Cotton Classing Rooms forColor GradingD2495 Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-DryingD2496 Test Method for Seed Coat Fragments and Funiculiin Cotton Fiber Samples3D2812 Test Method for Non-Lint Content of CottonD3025 Practice for Standardizing Cotton Fiber Test Resultsby U

8、se of Calibration Cotton StandardsD3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric DefectsD5332 Test Method for Fiber Length and Length Distribu-tion of Cotton Fibers3D5426 Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading ofFabrics Used for Inflatable RestraintsD5867 Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Proper-t

9、ies of Cotton Fibers by High Volume InstrumentsD7785 Test Method for Water in Lint Cotton by OvenEvaporation Combined with Volumetric Karl FischerTitration3. TerminologyA-tuft, na single-pass process for aligning hook free fiberson the Fibroliner FL-101. D5332amount, nin cotton length testing with t

10、he Fibrograph(optical) or Length Analyzer (pneumatic), a measure of thethickness, optical or pneumatic density, of the test beard,proportional to the number of fibers present at variousdistances from the base of the comb(s) (Fibrograph) or thespecimen clamp jaws (Length Analyzer). D1447, D 5867D5867

11、B-tuft, na two-pass process for aligning hooked fibers on theFibroliner FL-101. D5332blending plan, nthe instructions for mixing fibers duringspecimen preparation. D5332bound water, nthe amount of water in a test specimen thatis hydrogen bonded to cellulose and expressed as a percent-age of the mass

12、 of the specimen. D7785calibration cotton standards, ncotton samples taken fromblended bulk source on which fiber properties have beendetermined under the International Calibration Cotton Stan-dards Program. D1448, D3025, D5867coefficient of length variation, na measure of fiber lengthdistribution.

13、D1440, D53321This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2009. Published February 2009. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D713

14、905. DOI:10.1520/D7139-09E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved ve

15、rsion of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.color grading, nthe act of identifying a specimen by a colorgrade or color score that is specific to the color and themate

16、rial graded. D1684color lamp, nin color determination of cotton with a ColorMeter, a lamp with a specific energy output function used inconjunction with special tristimulus filters to obtain a desiredresponse function. D5867color meter, nan instrument which measures the fibersample color as presente

17、d in the viewing window, in terms ofthe tristimulus values Y and Z and transmits these values tothe IC/TC for further processing. D5867color space, nspecific to this standard, the daylight color ofopaque specimens are represented by points in a space interms of three color scales: reflectance, Rd, a

18、nd the chroma-ticity coordinates for redness or greenness, 6a, and yellow-ness or blueness, ber/brusher, nan instrument which prepares the testbeard of fibers for length, length uniformity, strength, andelongation measurements by combing the test specimen toremove loose or unclamped fibers and paral

19、leling the indi-vidually clamped fibers, and by brushing the clamped fibersto remove fiber crimp and smooth the test beard of cotton.D5867control limits, npredetermined ranges based on the variabil-ity of past observations between which the instrument datafor a test must fall to be considered valid.

20、 D5867cotton, na vegetable seed fiber consisting of unicellular hairsattached to the seed of several species of the genus Gossy-pium of the family Malvaceae. D1445cotton color diagram, na diagram showing the color rangesof standards officially established by the U.S. Department ofAgriculture for the

21、 various grades of cotton in relation toscales of reflectance. Rd, on the vertical axis, and yellowness,+ b, on the horizontal axis. D5867cotton maturity, nthe degree of fiber wall development.D1442cotton waste, nmaterial removed from seed cotton, ginnedlint, or stock in process by any cleaning or p

22、rocessingmachinery and usually consisting of undesirable fibers or amixture of cotton fibers with foreign matter. D2495differential dyeing behavior, nof cotton, the tendency ofcotton fibers to absorb and retain selectively varying propor-tions of different dyes from a binary dye bath. D1464elevator,

23、 na general term describing a mechanical device onthe Motion Control, Inc. Fiber Information System whichmoves the specimen clamp while preparing the specimen orwhile taking a length/uniformity index or strength/elongation measurement. D5867elongation at breaking force, nin fiber strength testing of

24、cotton, the elongation corresponding to the maximum force,and expressed as a percentage of the 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) gagelength. D1445, D5867Fiberweigh, nan instrument having a capacity for weighinga 51-grain (3.30-g) specimen with a sensitivity of at least0.2 % of the mass being weighed. D5867fibrogram,

25、 nin testing cotton fibers for length, the curverepresenting the second cumulation of the length distributionof the fibers sensed by the length measuring instrument inscanning the fiber board. D1447, D5867Fibronaire, nan instrument which determines the mi-cronaire reading of raw cotton fibers using

26、the “porous-plug”air flow technique. D5867foreign matter, nin cotton, non-lint material commonlyreferred to as waste or trash such as dust, sand, seed-coatfragments, leaves, and stems normally present in raw andpartially processed cotton. D2812, D5426free water, nthe amount of water in a test specim

27、en that ishydrogen bonded to other water in cellulose and expressedas a percentage of the mass of the specimen.DISCUSSIONFree water in cellulose freezes. A distinction of boundwater into the freezing and non-freezing kinds is not necessary. Bothkinds of bound water, if present, come off the fibers s

28、ince no residualwater can be detected. D7785ginned lint, ncotton fibers that have been separated fromtheir seeds by ginning but not subjected to any furtherprocessing after ginning. (See lint cotton.) D2495hooks, nin fiber testing, curved or bent fiber ends caused bythe carding or specimen preparati

29、on processes. D5332horseshoe, na length of sliver folded in a manner such thatthe two ends can be fed simultaneously into the needle fieldof the Fibroliner FL-101. D5332IC/TC, nabbreviation for Intelligent Color/Trash Coordina-tor. D5867IDT, nabbreviation for Intelligent Data Terminal. D5867illumina

30、tion, nin lighting, the density or flux of light on aunit area of surface. D1684immature fibers, n(1) (cotton fibers treated with sodiumhydroxide solution)fibers that either (a) have swollen andassumed a spiral form, or (b) remained flat, thinly outlined,and almost transparent. Total wall width is l

31、ess than thelumen width.(2) (cotton fibers observed under polarized light)fibersthat appear purple, indigo, or blue, turn orange or yellow-orange upon rotation to the subtractive position, and uponremoval of the selenite plate show parallel extinction.(Compare mature fibers.) D1442invisible waste, n

32、in cotton testing, weight loss due to dust,moisture, loose fibers, etc., carried away by the air streamduring the test. D2812length analyzer, nan instrument which determines theupper-half-mean length and length uniformity index of a testbeard of cotton. D5867length group, nall fibers, or pulls, whos

33、e lengths fall withina given length interval. D1440length interval, na class interval of18 in. (3 mm), usuallydesignated by its midpoint length in odd-numbered six-teenths of an inch. D1440lint, nin loose cotton, fibers mostly of spinnable length. (Seealso linters.) D2812lint content, nthat portion

34、of a mass of cotton fiber consist-ing of fiber, including normal moisture content, but exclud-ing foreign matter. D2812lint cotton, nloose cotton fibers in any form, either raw orprocessed, free of seeds and not bound together in yarn orfabric. (See also ginned lint.) D2495D7139 0912linters, nthe sh

35、ort fibrous material adhering to the cottonseed after the spinnable lint has been removed by ginningand which is subsequently recovered from the seed by aprocess called “delinting.” D5867lot, nin acceptance sampling of cotton, the main stock,supply, or source of fibers to be sampled. D1441lot sample

36、, nin cotton, a relatively large sample taken in thefield to represent a consignment, shipment, or lot, for use inthe preparation of the laboratory samples. D1441lumen, nin vegetable fibers, the central canal of the fiber.D1442mature fibers, ncotton fibers treated with sodium hydroxidesolutionfibers

37、 that have swollen into unconvoluted andalmost rod-like shapes, where total wall width is equal to orgreater than the lumen width. D1442mature fibers, ncotton fibers observed under polarizedlightfibers that appear yellow, yellow green, or green andare yellow or light yellow upon rotation to the subt

38、ractiveposition (through 90) and show little or no parallel extinc-tion on removal of the selenite plate. (Compare immaturefibers.) D1442maturity index, na relative indication of cotton fiber matu-rity.mean length, nin testing of cotton fibers, the average lengthof all the fibers in the test specime

39、n based on mass-lengthdata. D1440micronaire reading, na relative measurement of fiber fine-ness derived from the porous plug air-flow method.D1442, D1448, D 5867D5867mote, na whole, immature cotton seed. D2496,D 5867D5867non-lint content, nthat portion of a mass of cotton fiberwhich is essentially f

40、oreign matter. D2812number of pieces of trash, nin testing cotton with the TrashMeter, a number correlated with the total number of piecesof trash on the surface of the sample of cotton over theviewing window. D5867one-percent length (L1 %N), nin fiber testing, the lengthexceeded by 1 % of the numbe

41、r of fibers in a test specimen.D5332percent area, nin testing cotton with the Trash Meter, theratio of total area of trash on the surface of a sample ofcotton to that of the area of the viewing window, expressedin a percentage of the area of the viewing window.D5867pull, na group of fibers grasped b

42、y the forceps at one timeand drawn from the specimen in the combs. D1440ratch-setting by number (L1 % N), nthe basis for settingroll spacing in the drafting zone, namely, the length ex-ceeded by1%ofthenumber of fibers in a test specimen.D5332raw cotton, nginned lint that has not been subjected to an

43、ytextile manufacturing process. (See also ginned lint.)D2495Rdand +b, nfor the purpose of this test method for color, thedaylight color of opaque cotton specimens represented bypoints in a space as described by Hunter in terms of twocolor scales: reflectance, Rd, and the chromaticity coordi-nates fo

44、r yellowness, + b. D5867reference standard, nin cotton testing, a homogeneous lotof cotton having a known or accepted value for one or morephysical properties. D3025seed coat fragment, nin cotton, a portion of a cotton seed,usually black or dark brown in color, broken from a matureor immature seed,

45、and to which fibers and linters may or maynot be attached. D2496, D 5867D5867seed cotton, ncotton, as harvested and before ginning,consisting of seeds with the fibers attached and usuallyincluding measurable amounts of foreign matter. D2495short-fiber content (SFC), nthat percentage of fibers (bynum

46、ber or by weight) in a test specimen, that is shorter than12.7 mm (0.5 in.) in length. D5332span length, nin length testing of cotton with the Fibro-graph, the distance spanned by a specified percentage of thefibers in the test beard, taking the amount reading at thestarting point of the scanning as

47、 100 %. D1447specimen clamp, nthe device which is used to transport thefiber test beard of cotton through the gathering, combing,brushing, length, length uniformity, strength, and elongationmeasurement operations. D5867specimen loader, nan instrument which obtains the testspecimen by lowering an ope

48、n specimen clamp onto thesurface of the raw cotton samples, closing the jaws of thespecimen clamp and ascending with a portion of the fibersretained in the jaws awaiting the combing and brushingprocedure. D5867status switches, nswitches located on the mainframe elec-tronic chassis in the console use

49、d to set the number ofspecimens tested on each laboratory sample and turn offinstruments not being used in operating the system. D5867stock in process, nin textiles, staple fibers at any stage ofmanufacture between the opening of the bale and thecompletion of the spinning process. D2495strength analyzer, nan instrument which determines tensilestrength and elongation at breaking load for a test beard ofcotton. D5867test beard, nin length testing of cotton, the portion of the testspecimen that has bee