1、Designation: D7140/D7140M 13 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method toMeasure Heat Transfer Through Textile Thermal BarrierMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7140/D7140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of heat transferof textile materials which are used
3、as thermal barriers whenexposed to a calibrated convective and radiant energy heatsource for 60 s.1.1.1 This standard is used to determine if the heat transferis sufficient to ignite flammable materials which are contiguousto the textile thermal barriers.1.2 This standard is used as a means to diffe
4、rentiate textilematerials.1.3 This test method is not intended to measure the insula-tion properties of materials used in protective clothing.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equiva
5、lents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions,
6、 but does not by itself incorporateall factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of th
7、e user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established
8、 in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD4391 Terminology Relating to Th
9、e Burning Behavior ofTextiles2.2 Other Standards:State of California, Technical Bulletin 603 Requirementsand Test Procedures for Resistance of a Mattress/Boxspring Set to a Large Open Flame, January, 20043Code of Federal Regulations Title 16 Consumer ProductSafety Commission Part 1633, Standard for
10、the Flamma-bility of Mattress Sets43. Terminology3.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: breakopen, charring, dripping, embrittlement, exposure energy tothermal end point, heat flux, ignition, melting, shrinkage.3.1.1 For all terminology relating to D13.52, Flammability,refer to Termi
11、nology D4391.3.2 For all terminology related to Textiles see TerminologyD123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A textile thermal barrier that is used to prevent transferof heat to flammable materials which are contiguous to thisbarrier are exposed to a controlled radiant and convective heatsource for 60
12、s.4.2 The heat transfer is measured using a data collectionsystem.4.3 Performance of thermal barrier textile material is deter-mined by the amount of heat transferred through the specimen.1This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Su
13、bcommittee D13.52 on Flammability.Current edition approved July 15, 2017. Published August 2017. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7140 13. DOI:10.1520/D7140_D7140M-13R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custome
14、r Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the State of California.4Available from U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 4330 EastWest Hwy., Bethesda, MD 20814, http:/www
15、.cpsc.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopmen
16、t of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15. Significance and Use5.1 This test method measures the level of heat transferthrough the thermal barrier textile material within a specificperiod of time.5.2
17、 This test method is used to evaluate thermal barriers anddetermine if they are able to withstand impingement by anopen flame.5.2.1 This test method is used to evaluate heat transfer whenthermal barrier textile materials are used in conjunction withmaterials that demonstrate any of the following beh
18、aviorswhen exposed to high heat:break opencharringdrippingembrittlementignitionmeltingshrinkage5.3 This test method cannot be used in place of the full scaletest method TB603 or 16 CFR 1633.NOTE 1This test method is intended to be used to evaluate thermalbarrier textile material, used as the thermal
19、 barrier component formattresses that are tested to comply with California Technical Bulletin 603(TB603) or with 16 CFR 1633, two standards which are technicallyidentical. Data obtained by using this method is intended to provideinformation as to whether it would be helpful to proceed with the full
20、scaletesting.5.3.1 This test method can be used as part of a supplierquality assurance program.5.4 This test method is not intended to be used in evaluatingheat transfer of thermal barrier textile materials used inprotective clothing.5.5 This test method is not recommended for acceptancetesting of c
21、ommercial shipments, since information on inter-laboratory precision is incomplete. In some cases the purchaserand the supplier shall agree to test a commercial shipment ofone or more specific materials and establish their own inter-laboratory precision and bias, and also agree on acceptabilitylimit
22、s.6. Apparatus6.1 Arrange components as shown in Fig. 1.6.1.1 Details of the calorimeter construction are shown inFig. 2.6.2 Liquid propane or natural gas with appropriate reducerand valving arrangement.6.3 A gas rotometer with range to give flow equivalent to 2L 0.007 ft3/min. air at standard condi
23、tions.6.4 Meeker or Fisher burner with 38 mm 1.5 in. diametertop and with orifice size of 1.2 mm 3/64 in. for natural gas.Propane requires a special orifice.6.5 Copper calorimeter mounted in an insulating block andconstructed as shown in Fig. 2.6.5.1 Calorimeter is painted black using a high tempera
24、tureflat black stove pipe primer.6.6 Dimensions for two (2) mounting plates are Length 152mm 6 in., Width 152 mm 6 in., each with a 76 mm 3 in.by 76 mm 3 in. hole in center. Each plate thickness is 3 mm1/8 in. See Fig. 3. The bottom plate which faces the flamemust be made of steel. The top plate mus
25、t also be made of steel.6.7 Any strip chart recorder with full scale deflection of atleast 150 C 300F or 10 mV and sufficient sensitivity andscale divisions to read sensor response to 1C 2 F or 60.05mv. A chart speed to read exposure time to 60.01 s is required.6.8 Specimen Holder, see Fig. 3 Three
26、complete assembliesare desirable.6.9 Laboratory standard ring support and clamp are used tohold specimen holder assembly and position the burner.7. Hazards7.1 Perform the test in a hood or ventilated area to carrycombustion products away. If air currents disturb the flame,shield the apparatus or tur
27、n off the hood while running the test,then turn the hood on after the test to clear fumes. Exercise carein handling the burner with the open flame. Maintain adequateseparation between flame and combustible materials.FIG. 1 Test ApparatusD7140/D7140M 13 (2017)27.2 The specimen holder and calorimeter
28、assembly canbecome heated during prolonged testing. Use protective gloveswhen handling these hot objects.NOTE 2Some test specimens are hazardous when exposed to directflames. Use care when the ignited specimen releases combustible gases.Remove the burner using gloves and allow the sample to burn out
29、, orsmother it with a plate.7.3 Shut off the gas supply at the cylinder and allow flameto burn the gas from the lines when testing is completed.8. Sampling and Test Specimen Preparation8.1 Lot SampleRandomly select the number of rolls orpieces of fabric directed in an applicable material specificati
30、onor other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.Consider the rolls or pieces of fabric to be the primarysampling units. In the absence of such an agreement, take thenumber of fabric rolls specified in Table 1. Consider a singleshipment of one style of fabric as the lot. A lot may constit
31、utepart of a single customer order.NOTE 3An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability betweenrolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a rollor piece of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a me
32、aningful producersrisk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.8.2 Laboratory SampleTake a swatch extending the widthof the fabric and approximately1m1ydalong the machinedirection from each roll or piece in the lot sample. For rolls offabric, take a sample that will exc
33、lude fabric from the outerwrap of the roll or the inner wrap around the core of the roll offabric.8.3 Test SpecimensCut and identify five test specimensfrom each swatch in the laboratory sample. Make each testspecimen 133 by 133 6 2 mm 5.25 by 5.25 6116 in. withtwo sides of the specimen parallel wit
34、h either the machineFIG. 2 Calorimeter PlacementD7140/D7140M 13 (2017)3direction or cross machine direction. Do not cut samples closerthan 10 % of the material width from the edge. Take specimensrepresenting a broad distribution across the width. Ensurespecimens are free of folds, creases, or wrinkl
35、es. Avoid gettingoil, water, grease, etc., on the specimens when handling.9. Calibration9.1 Position the ring support on the vertical bar of the ringstand with a right angle clamp. Center the ring support over thecenter of the burner. The distance between the bottom of thespecimen holder and the top
36、 of the burner must be 50 6 1.6mm 2 6116 in.9.1.1 Reduce the pressure on the gas supply to 55 kPa 8psig for proper flame adjustment.9.1.2 Place the calorimeter facing down so that it is exposeddirectly to the flame.9.1.3 Record the response of the calorimeter for at least 30s.9.1.3.1 Select the lowe
37、st temperature on the curve where theresponse is linear and determine the increase in temperaturerise for 20 s.9.1.3.2 Subtract the 20 s reading from the initial reading todetermine temperature increase 145 6 3.3 C 293 6 6F or1.10 6 0.02 cal/cm2second. When this heat flux has beenachieved, repeat th
38、e calibration procedure to confirm theresults.9.1.3.3 Adjust the heat flux of the flame exposure to 1.1calories/cm2/second by setting the gas flow through the rotom-eter and adjusting the flame with the needle valve in the baseof the burner. Approach the settings from a low gas flow toprevent placin
39、g the hottest portion of the flame below thesensor. The correct exposure results from a flame with the airbaffles at the bottom of the burner closed completely. This mayrequire taping to seal the air inlets of the burner.9.2 Cool the sensor to room temperature after each exposureusing a jet of air o
40、r by contact with a cold surface.76 mm 3 in. square hole centered in the middle of each of the 152 by 152 mm 6 by 6 in. plates.FIG. 3 Specimen Mounting PlateTABLE 1 Number of Rolls or Pieces of Fabric in the Lot SampleNumber of Rolls orPieces in Lot, InclusiveNumber of Rolls orPieces in Lot, Sample1
41、to3 all4to24 425 to 50 5over 50 10 % to a max. of 10 rolls or piecesD7140/D7140M 13 (2017)49.2.1 Reheat the sensor to approximate body temperature bycontact with the palm of the hand just prior to positioning overthe test specimen.9.2.2 Do not adjust the zero setting of the recorder.9.2.3 Sample hol
42、der careUse dry sample holders at roomtemperature for test runs. Alternate with several sets of holdersto permit cooling between runs, or force cooling with air orwater. When required, clean condensed tars and soot fromholders with a non aqueous solvent.9.3 Wipe the sensor face immediately after eac
43、h run, whilehot, to remove any decomposition products which condenseand could be a source of error.9.4 If a deposit collects and appears to be thicker than a thinlayer of paint or is irregular, the sensor surface requiresreconditioning.9.4.1 Reconditioning ProcedureCarefully clean thecooled sensor w
44、ith acetone or petroleum solvent. Repaint thesurface with a thin layer of high temperature flat black stovepipe primer.9.4.2 Perform at least one calibration run before using thereconditioned sensor in a test run.10. Procedure10.1 Center the specimen flat on the mounting plate so thatthe side of the
45、 thermal barrier fabric which would be exposedto the heat source is facing down toward the burner.10.1.1 Place the second mounting plate with calorimeter ontop of the sample.10.1.2 The total mass of the calorimeter assembly posi-tioned on the sample is 500 6 5 gm.10.2 Position the specimen holder as
46、sembly on the ringsupport, placing the calorimeter on the assembly with the blacksurface facing downward.10.2.1 Start the chart movement on the recording device andthen with a firm deliberate motion, position the burner with thecalibrated flame beneath the center of the specimen.10.2.2 Indicate the
47、start of the exposure and continue for 60s.10.2.3 Remove the burner and set it well aside, stop therecording device, remove the calorimeter and cool to roomtemperature.10.2.4 Remove the specimen holder, examine specimen,and report the response to flame impingement. Record thetemperature in degrees C
48、entigrade (C) and the energy (cal/cm2/sec) for each specimen and whether ignition occurred. Ifdeemed important, record observations of physical changesthat occurred during flame impingement, such as: break open,charring, dripping, embrittlement, melting, and shrinking.11. Report11.1 Report the avera
49、ge heat transfer rate for each sampleusing the following formula:Average temperature, CAverage time sec!30.135 5 cal/cm2/ second (1)11.1.1 Describe the material or product sampled and themethod of sampling used.11.2 Report the sample construction, type, identificationnumber, style number, code number, or other descriptiveinformation of the sample tested. (Refer to Section 13).11.2.1 Report Heat transfer rate as temperature rise, in Cand energy (cal/cm2-sec)11.2.1.1Temperature Rise CTime3 0.135 5 cal/cm22 second (2
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