1、Designation: D 7140 07Standard Test Method toMeasure Heat Transfer Through Textile Thermal BarrierMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of heat transferof textile materials which are used as thermal barriers whenexpos
3、ed to a calibrated convective and radiant energy heatsource for 60 seconds.1.1.1 This standard is used to determine if the heat transferis sufficient to ignite flammable materials which are contiguousto the textile thermal barriers.1.2 This standard is used as a means to differentiate textilemateria
4、ls.1.3 This test method is not intended to measure the insula-tion properties of materials used in protective clothing.1.4 The values stated in either acceptable metric units or inother units shall be regarded separately as standard. The valuesexpressed in each system must be used independently of e
5、achother, without combining values in any way.1.5 This standard measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, produ
6、cts or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regu
7、latory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 4391 Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior ofTextiles2.2 Other Standards:State of California, Technical Bulletin 603 Requirementsand Test Procedures for Resistance of a Mattress/
8、Boxspring Set to a Large Open Flame, January, 200433. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 exposure energy to thermal end point, nthe thermalenergy transferred through a specimen that is sufficient to causeignition of contiguous materials.3.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard: breakopen,
9、 charring, dripping, embrittlement, heat flux, ignition,melting, shrinkage.3.2.1 For all terminology relating to D13.52, Flammability,refer to Terminology D 4391.3.3 For all terminology related to Textiles see TerminologyD 1234. Summary of Test Method4.1 A textile thermal barrier that is used to pre
10、vent transferof heat to flammable materials which are contiguous to thisbarrier are exposed to a controlled radiant and convective heatsource for 60 seconds.4.2 The heat transfer is measured using a data collectionsystem.4.3 Performance of thermal barrier textile material is deter-mined by the amoun
11、t of heat transferred through the specimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method measures the level of heat transferthrough the thermal barrier textile material within a specificperiod of time.5.2 This test method is used to evaluate thermal barriers anddetermine if they are able to withstand
12、impingement by anopen flame.5.2.1 This test method is used to evaluate heat transfer whenthermal barrier textile materials are used in conjunction withmaterials that demonstrate any of the following behaviorswhen exposed to high heat:break opencharringdrippingembrittlementignition1This standard is u
13、nder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.52 on Flammability.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 7140 05.2For referenced ASTM standards
14、, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the State of California.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
15、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.meltingshrinkage5.3 This test method cannot be used in place of the full scaletest method TB603.NOTE 1This test method is intended to be used to evaluate thermalbarrier textile materials used as the thermal barrier component formattress
16、es which are tested to comply with California Technical Bulletin603 (TB603). Data obtained by using this method may provide sufficientinformation to proceed with this more expensive full scale testing.5.3.1 This test method can be used as part of a supplierquality assurance program.5.4 This test met
17、hod is not intended to be used in evaluatingheat transfer of thermal barrier textile materials used inprotective clothing.5.5 This test method is not recommended for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, since information on inter-laboratory precision is incomplete. In some cases the purchasera
18、nd the supplier shall agree to test a commercial shipment ofone or more specific materials and establish their own inter-laboratory precision and bias, and also agree on acceptabilitylimits.6. Apparatus6.1 Arrange components as shown in Fig. 1.6.1.1 Details of the calorimeter construction are shown
19、inFig. 2.6.2 Liquid propane or natural gas with appropriate reducerand valving arrangement.6.3 A gas rotometer with range to give flow equivalent to 2L (.007 ft3)/min. air at standard conditions.6.4 Meeker or Fisher burner with 38 mm (1.59) diameter topand with orifice size of 1.2 mm (3/649) for nat
20、ural gas. Propanerequires a special orifice.6.5 Copper calorimeter mounted in an insulating block andconstructed as shown in Fig. 2.6.5.1 Calorimeter is painted black using a high temperatureflat black stove pipe primer.6.6 Dimensions for two (2) mounting plates are Length 6 in.(152 mm), Width 6 in.
21、 (152 mm), each with a 3 in. (76 mm) 33 in. (76 mm) hole in center. Each plate thickness is 1/8 in. (3mm). See Fig. 3. The bottom plate which faces the flame mustbe made of steel. The top plate must also be made of steel.6.7 Any strip chart recorder with full scale deflection of atleast 150 C (300F)
22、 or 10 mV and sufficient sensitivity andscale divisions to read sensor response to 1C (2 F) or +/- 0.05mv. A chart speed to read exposure time to +/- 0.01 sec. isrequired.6.8 Specimen Holder, see Fig. 3 Three complete assembliesare desirable.6.9 Laboratory standard ring support and clamp are used to
23、hold specimen holder assembly and position the burner.7. Hazards7.1 Perform the test in a hood or ventilated area to carrycombustion products away. If air currents disturb the flame,shield the apparatus or turn off the hood while running the test,then turn the hood on after the test to clear fumes.
24、Exercise carein handling the burner with the open flame. Maintain adequateseparation between flame and combustible materials.7.2 The specimen holder and calorimeter assembly canbecome heated during prolonged testing. Use protective gloveswhen handling these hot objects.NOTE 2Some test specimens are
25、hazardous when exposed to directflames. Use care when the ignited specimen releases combustible gases.Remove the burner using gloves and allow the sample to burn out, orsmother it with a plate.7.3 Shut off the gas supply at the cylinder and allow flameto burn the gas from the lines when testing is c
26、ompleted.8. Sampling and Test Specimen Preparation8.1 Lot SampleRandomly select the number of rolls orpieces of fabric directed in an applicable material specificationor other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.Consider the rolls or pieces of fabric to be the primarysampling units. In
27、the absence of such an agreement, take thenumber of fabric rolls specified in Table 1. Consider a singleshipment of one style of fabric as the lot. A lot may constitutepart of a single customer order.NOTE 3An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and supplier requires taking
28、 into account the variability betweenFIG. 1 Test ApparatusD7140072rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a rollor piece of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producersrisk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.8.2 Laborator
29、y SampleTake a swatch extending the widthof the fabric and approximately1m(1yd)along the machinedirection from each roll or piece in the lot sample. For rolls offabric, take a sample that will exclude fabric from the outerwrap of the roll or the inner wrap around the core of the roll offabric.8.3 Te
30、st SpecimensCut and identify five test specimensfrom each swatch in the laboratory sample. Make each testspecimen 133 3 133 +/- 2 mm (5.259 3 5.259 +/-116 in.) withtwo sides of the specimen parallel with either the machinedirection or cross machine direction. Do not cut samples closerthan 10 % of th
31、e material width from the edge. Take specimensrepresenting a broad distribution across the width. Ensurespecimens are free of folds, creases, or wrinkles. Avoid gettingoil, water, grease, etc., on the specimens when handling.9. Calibration9.1 Position the ring support on the vertical bar of the ring
32、stand with a right angle clamp. Center the ring support over thecenter of the burner. The distance between the bottom of thespecimen holder and the top of the burner must be 50 6 1.6mm (2 6116 in.).9.1.1 Reduce the pressure on the gas supply to 55 kPa(8psig) for proper flame adjustment.9.1.2 Place t
33、he calorimeter facing down so that it is exposeddirectly to the flame.9.1.3 Record the response of the calorimeter for at least 30seconds.9.1.3.1 Select the lowest temperature on the curve where theresponse is linear and determine the increase in temperaturerise for 20 seconds.FIG. 2 Calorimeter Pla
34、cementD71400739.1.3.2 Subtract the 20 sec. reading from the initial readingto determine temperature increase 145 6 3.3 C (293 6 6F)or 1.10 +/- .02 cal/cm2sec.9.1.3.2.1 When this heat flux has been achieved, repeat thecalibration procedure to confirm the results.9.1.3.3 Adjust the heat flux of the fl
35、ame exposure to 1.1calories/cm2/sec. by setting the gas flow through the rotometerand adjusting the flame with the needle valve in the base of theburner. Approach the settings from a low gas flow to preventplacing the hottest portion of the flame below the sensor. Thecorrect exposure results from a
36、flame with the air baffles at thebottom of the burner closed completely. This may requiretaping to seal the air inlets of the burner.9.2 Cool the sensor to room temperature after each exposureusing a jet of air or by contact with a cold surface.9.2.1 Reheat the sensor to approximate body temperature
37、 bycontact with the palm of the hand just prior to positioning overthe test specimen.9.2.2 Do not adjust the zero setting of the recorder.9.2.3 Sample holder careUse dry sample holders at roomtemperature for test runs. Alternate with several sets of holdersto permit cooling between runs, or force co
38、oling with air orwater. When required, clean condensed tars and soot fromholders with a non aqueous solvent.9.3 Wipe the sensor face immediately after each run, whilehot, to remove any decomposition products which condenseand could be a source of error.9.4 If a deposit collects and appears to be thi
39、cker than a thinlayer of paint or is irregular, the sensor surface requiresreconditioning.9.4.1 Reconditioning ProcedureCarefully clean thecooled sensor with acetone or petroleum solvent. Repaint thesurface with a thin layer of high temperature flat black stovepipe primer.39 square hole centered in
40、the middle of each of the 69 3 69 plates.FIG. 3 Specimen Mounting PlateTABLE 1 Number of Rolls or Pieces of Fabric in the Lot SampleNumber of Rolls orPieces in Lot, InclusiveNumber of Rolls orPieces in Lot, Sample1to3 all4to24 425 to 50 5over 50 10 % to a max. of 10 rolls or piecesD71400749.4.2 Perf
41、orm at least one calibration run before using thereconditioned sensor in a test run.10. Procedure10.1 Center the specimen flat on the mounting plate so thatthe side of the thermal barrier fabric which would be exposedto the heat source is facing down toward the burner.10.1.1 Place the second mountin
42、g plate with calorimeter ontop of the sample.10.1.2 The total mass of the calorimeter assembly posi-tioned on the sample is 5006 5 gm.10.2 Position the specimen holder assembly on the ringsupport, placing the calorimeter on the assembly with the blacksurface facing downward.10.2.1 Start the chart mo
43、vement on the recording device andthen with a firm deliberate motion, position the burner with thecalibrated flame beneath the center of the specimen.10.2.2 Indicate the start of the exposure and continue for 60seconds.10.2.3 Remove the burner and set it well aside, stop therecording device, remove
44、the calorimeter and cool to roomtemperature.10.2.4 Remove the specimen holder, examine specimen,and report the response to flame impingement. Record thetemperature in degrees Centigrade (C) and the energy (cal/cm2/sec) for each specimen and whether ignition occurred. Ifdeemed important, record obser
45、vations of physical changesthat occurred during flame impingement, such as: break open,charring, dripping, embrittlement, melting, and shrinking.11. Report11.1 Report the average heat transfer rate for each sampleusing the following formula:Average temperature, CAverage time sec!3 0.135 5 cal/cm2/se
46、c (1)11.1.1 Describe the material or product sampled and themethod of sampling used.11.2 Report the sample construction, type, identificationnumber, style number, code number, or other descriptiveinformation of the sample tested. (Refer to Section 13).11.2.1 Report Heat transfer rate as temperature
47、rise, in Cand energy (cal/cm2-sec)11.2.1.1Temperature Rise CTime3 .135 5 cal/cm22sec (2)11.2.2 Response to flame impingement:break open embrittlementcharring meltingdripping shrinking11.2.3 Average heat flux12. Precision and Bias12.1 A study was performed in a single laboratory with twooperators to
48、evaluate a variety of textile thermal barrier fabrics.12.1.1 Fourteen commercial product samples which in-cluded a variety of non woven textile fabric structures wereevaluated.12.1.1.1 Barrier fabrics made of inherently flame resistantfibers demonstrated transfer of heat energy as measured by thecal
49、orimeter temperature rise after a 60 second exposure.Temperature rise exceeded 95C.12.1.1.2 Barrier fabrics enhanced with a flame retardanttreatment demonstrated transfer of heat energy as measured bythe calorimeter temperature rise after a 60 second exposure.Temperature rise reached 70C.12.1.2 Ten specimens of each sampling were evaluatedusing WK 5756.12.2 The data sets from these tests are shown on the graph(Fig. 4) as a temperature-time plot.12.3 BiasThe procedure of this test method produces atest value that can be defined only in terms of a test met
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