1、Designation: D7143 17Standard Practice forEmission Cells for the Determination of Volatile OrganicEmissions from Indoor Materials/Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7143; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis practice complements Guide D5116 and Practice D6670.1. Scope1.1 This practice is inten
3、ded for determining volatile or-ganic compound (VOC) emissions from materials and productsusing emission cells. It can be applied in principle to mostconstruction materials and many products used indoors. Ob-jectives include:1.1.1 To provide manufacturers, builders, and end userswith emission data u
4、seful for evaluating the impact of buildingproducts, new or old, on indoor air concentrations in a modelroom.1.1.2 To promote the development of products with lowerVOC emissions.1.2 This practice is for identifying emitted VOCs and fordetermining the area specific emission rate of VOCs fromnewly pro
5、duced building products under defined climate con-ditions. The method can also be applied to aged products.1.3 In accordance with the definition of an emission cell, itis also possible to perform nondestructive emission measure-ments on building products on-site in buildings. However, theprocedure f
6、or such measurements is not described in thispractice.1.4 This practice describes the design, construction, perfor-mance evaluation and use of emission cells for VOC emissiontesting. Sampling, transport and storage of materials to betested, and preparation of test specimens are also described.1.5 Ai
7、r sampling and analytical methods for the determina-tion of VOCs are described in Practice D6196. Alternativesampling and analytical approaches for formaldehyde andother carbonyls are described in Test Method D5197.NOTE 1All volatile (vapor-phase) carbonyls except formaldehyde canbe analyzed by eith
8、er Practice D6196 or by Test Method D5197.NOTE 2Direct-reading instruments can also be applied for specificobjectives.NOTE 3Some volatile inorganic compounds can, in principle, also beanalyzed (for example, ammonia).1.6 An example of an emission cell is described in Appen-dix X2 of this practice.1.7
9、 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelo
10、pment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD1914 Practice for Conversion Units and Factors
11、Relating toSampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber De-terminations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde andOther Carbonyl Compounds inAir (Active Sampler Meth-odology)D5337 Practice for Fl
12、ow Rate Adjustment of Personal Sam-pling PumpsD6196 Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Param-eters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions forMonitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in Air1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsib
13、ility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved March 1, 2017. Published April 2017. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D7143 11 (2016).DOI:10.1520/D7143-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cus
14、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was deve
15、loped in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D6330 Practice for
16、 Determination of Volatile Organic Com-pounds (Excluding Formaldehyde) Emissions fromWood-Based Panels Using Small Environmental Chambers Un-der Defined Test ConditionsD6670 Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination ofVolatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD7339 Test Method for
17、 Determination of Volatile OrganicCompounds Emitted from Carpet using a Specific SorbentTube and Thermal Desorption / Gas Chromatography2.2 Others Standards and Documents:EN 196-1 Methods of Testing CementPart 1: Determina-tion of Strength3EN 428 Resilient Floor CoveringsDetermination of Over-all Th
18、ickness3EN 430 Resilient Floor CoveringsDetermination of Massper Unit Area3EN 927-1 Paints and VarnishesCoating Materials andCoating Systems for Exterior Wood3EN 1937 Test Method for Hydraulic Setting Floor Smooth-ing and/or Leveling CompoundsStandard Mixing Pro-cedures3EN 13892-1 Methods of Test fo
19、r Screed MaterialsPart 2:Sampling, Making, and Curing Specimens for Test3ISO 554 Standard Atmospheres for Conditioning and/orTesting4ISO 1765 Machine-Made Textile Floor CoveringsDetermination of Thickness4ISO 2811 Paints and VarnishesDetermination of Density4ISO 3233 Paints and VarnishesDeterminatio
20、n of Percent-age Volume of Non-Volatile Matter by Measuring theDensity of a Dried Coating4ISO 3251 Paints and VarnishesDetermination of Non-Volatile Matter of Paints, Varnishes, and Binders forPaints and Varnishes4ISO 8543 Textile Floor CoveringsMethods for Determi-nation of Mass4ISO 16000-6 Indoor
21、AirPart 6: Determination of VolatileOrganic Compounds in Indoor and Test Chamber Air byActive Sampling on Tenax TA Sorbent, Thermal Desorp-tion and Gas Chromatography Using MS/FID4ISO 16000-9 Indoor AirPart 9: Determination of theEmission of Volatile Organic Compounds from BuildingProducts and Furni
22、shingEmission Test ChamberMethod4ISO 16000-10 Indoor AirPart 10: Determination of theEmission of Volatile Organic Compounds from BuildingProducts and FurnishingEmission Test Cell Method4ISO 16017-1 Indoor, Ambient and Workplace AirSampling andAnalysis of Volatile Organic Compounds bySorbent Tube/The
23、rmal Desorption/Capillary GasChromatographyPart 1: Pumped Sampling4EPA-600/4-89/017 U.S. EPA Compendium of Methods forDetermination of Toxic Organic Compounds in AmbientAir.5This report contains U.S, EPA Method TO-17Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds inAmbientAir using Active Sampling onto
24、Sorbent Tubes.Nordtest NT Build 438 (1995) Building Materials: Emissionof Volatile ChemicalsField and Laboratory EmissionCell63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions and terms commonly usedin ASTM standards, including this practice, refer to Terminol-ogy D1356. For definitions and terms commonl
25、y used whentesting materials and products for VOC emissions, refer toGuide D5116. For an explanation of general units, symbols andconversion factors, refer to Practice D1914.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 For the purposes of this practice, the following termsand definitions
26、 apply.3.2.2 emission cella portable device for the determinationof volatile organic compounds emitted from indoor materials/products.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe emission cell is placed against thesurface of the test specimen, such that the surface of the testspecimen itself becomes part of the emission c
27、ell. This is thefundamental difference between emission cells and emissionchambers. The air inlet of the emission cell is designed suchthat the flow of air is directed over the surface of the testspecimen.3.2.2.2 DiscussionAn example emission cell is describedin Appendix X2.4. Summary of Practice4.1
28、 Emission cells are suitable for relatively-homogeneousindoor materials/products, which present a planar surface to theemission cell.NOTE 4Small emissions chambers are similarly limited with respectto sample inhomogeneity. To overcome this issue, with either emissioncells or small emission chambers,
29、 multiple measurements should be madefrom different parts of the same sample in order to obtain an averageemission measurement.4.2 Indoor materials/products which have a planar surface(wood-based panel products, dried paints or coatings, flooringproducts, textiles, foams, polymer sheeting, dried adh
30、esivelayers, and so forth) or which can be made to present a planarsurface to the emission cell (polymer beads, carpet, moldcultures in Petri dishes, and so forth) are placed under theemission cell such that the test specimen itself forms one faceof the emission cell. Pure, humidified air is passed
31、into the cellthrough a baffle around the perimeter such that it passes overthe whole surface of the test specimen. The temperature andhumidity are closely controlled. As air passes over the testspecimen, vapor-phase organics emitted from the surface are3Available from European Committee for Standard
32、ization (CEN), AvenueMarnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cen.eu.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.5Available from National Technical In
33、formation Service (NTIS), Order No.PB90-116989, 5301 Shawnee Rd., Alexandria, VA 22312, http:/www.ntis.gov.6Available from Nordtest, Slettetoften 9, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark, http:/www.nordtest.info.D7143 172swept away from the test specimen in the flow of air. Theair/vapor exit (exhaust) point is
34、usually located centrally,immediately above the test specimen surface, to avoid unsweptvolumes and sink effects (see 7.6 and Appendix X2). Theexhaust air is fully mixed such that air sampled at the exit pointis representative of the air in the cell. Approximately 80 % ofthe flow of air into the cell
35、 is pumped onto two sample tubes.The excess air is allowed to exhaust through an overflow ventto ensure that a slight positive pressure is maintained inside thecell to prevent ingress of background air.4.3 The air flow rate is set such that the air velocity over thesurface of the test specimen has n
36、o effect on the area specificemission rate (see 6.4). The emission tests are carried out atfixed times after preparation of the test specimen (for example,after 2 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, 10 days, 28 days, 56 days, or182 days (26 weeks). Throughout the entire test period, testpieces shall either b
37、e kept under the emission cell under theflow of pure, humidified air, or stored in a clean, well-ventilated environment, under controlled conditions of tem-perature and humidity, with no risk of contamination fromother samples or other emission sources.NOTE 5The air flow rate at the surface of the t
38、est specimen isparticularly critical for wet indoor materials / products where the primaryemission process is evaporation (external diffusion). In these cases, whileit will remain possible to compare emission data from wet samplescollected using similar emission cells under identical conditions, the
39、non-uniformity and relative slowness of the air velocity at the surface ofthe test specimen, will make it difficult to compare emission cell data withthat obtained using an emission chamber (see Appendix X4).NOTE 6Similar limitations make it difficult to compare emission datafrom two different small
40、 chambers or from the same chamber underdifferent operating conditions, if that data is obtained during the drying/curing stages of a wet product.4.4 The sample tubes used for collectingVOCs are analyzedby thermal desorption: gas chromatography (GC); usually withmass spectrometry (MS) and flame ioni
41、zation detection (FID)to identify and quantify the target volatile organic compoundsas described in Practice D6196, ISO 16000-6 or ISO 16017-1.The measured masses of volatile organic compounds retainedby the sorbent tubes are then used to determine the area specificemission rates of the material or
42、product. Alternative samplingand analytical techniques are used for formaldehyde (and forother carbonyls) as described in Test Method D5197.5. Significance and Use5.1 Indoor materials/products are products or materials usedfor construction works or in the indoor environment. The areaspecific emissio
43、n rates of volatile organic compounds from anindoor material/product may be used to estimate the expectedcontribution of emissions from that material/product to theatmosphere of a given indoor environment.5.2 Emission data may also be used to compare and catego-rize different indoor materials/produc
44、ts of similar function.5.3 Emission cell testing of area specific emissions mayalternatively be used for studying secondary interactions (forexample, sink effects (absorption and re-emission of volatileorganics by the indoor material/product) or emissions gener-ated by chemical degradation of the in
45、door material/productcaused by specific atmospheric agents such as water, ozone orNOx).6. Principles6.1 General Principles:6.1.1 Area specific emission rates at a given lapsed time (t)are calculated from the masses of target volatile organiccompounds collected on the sample tubes, the flow of airpum
46、ped through each sample tube, the total flow of air enteringthe emission cell, the duration of the test and the exposedsurface area of the test specimen. Area specific emission ratesat a given lapsed time (t) can also be expressed as a function ofthe emission cell air concentrations for each VOC and
47、 the areaspecific air flow rate, q.6.1.2 Air velocity at the surface of the test specimen(Appendix X3 and Appendix X4) is a critical parameter for theanalysis of wet-applied indoor materials/products during thedrying/curing stage when the dominant emission mechanism isevaporation (external diffusion
48、) (see 6.4).6.2 Using Emission Data to Estimate Contribution to Atmo-spheric VOC Concentration Indoors:6.2.1 Provided the area specific air flow rate over the surfaceof the test specimen is similar to that found in the builtenvironment, and provided the surface of the indoor material/product is suff
49、iciently homogeneous to ensure that the area ofthe test specimen exposed in the emission cell is representativeof the whole; area specific emission rates determined by thesetests can be used to estimate the likely contribution toatmospheric VOC concentrations from that indoor material/product in real use, at time (t) after installation/application(assuming similar nominal conditions of temperature andhumidity).6.3 Intercomparison of Emission Data:6.3.1 Provided the test conditions are duplicated, area spe-cific emission rate data generated from the
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