1、Designation: D7158/D7158M 11Standard Test Method forWind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Uplift Force/UpliftResistance Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7158/D7158M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for calculatingthe wind resistance of asphalt shingles whe
3、n applied inaccordance with the manufacturers instructions, and sealedunder defined conditions. Shingle designs that depend oninterlocking or product rigidity to resist the wind cannot beevaluated using this test method. The method calculates theuplift force exerted on the shingle by the action of w
4、ind at aspecified velocity, and compares that to the mechanical upliftresistance of the shingle. A shingle is determined to be windresistant at a specified basic wind speed when the measureduplift resistance exceeds the calculated uplift force for thatvelocity (3-second gust, ASCE 7).1.2 The values
5、stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.
6、3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Doc
7、uments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt)Surfaced With Mineral GranulesD228 Test Methods for Sampling, Testing, and Analysis ofAsphalt Roll Roofing, Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used inRoofing and WaterproofingD1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
8、D3161 Test Method for Wind-Resistance of AsphaltShingles (Fan-Induced Method)D3462 Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from GlassFelt and Surfaced with Mineral GranulesD6381 Test Method for Measurement of Asphalt ShingleMechanical Uplift Resistance2.2 ASCE Standard:ASCE 702 Minimum Design Loads
9、for Buildings andOther Structures32.3 ANSI/UL Standard:ANSI/UL 239004 Test Method for Wind ResistantAsphaltShingles with Sealed Tabs43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definition of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology D1079.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.
10、1 sealantas it relates to steep roofing shingles,isdefined as factory-applied or field-applied typically asphalticmaterial designed to seal the shingles to each other under theaction of time and temperature after the shingles are applied toa roof.3.2.2 sealas it relates to steep roofing shingles,ist
11、hebonding that results from the activation of the sealant under theaction of time and temperature.3.2.3 sealedthe condition of the shingles after they aresubjected to the conditioning procedure described in 10.3.4. Types and Classes of Shingles4.1 Shingles are classified based on their resistance to
12、 windvelocities determined from measured data (Section 11), calcu-lations of uplift force (Section 12), and interpretation of results(Section 13), as follows:4.1.1 Class DPassed at basic wind speeds up to andincluding 145 km/h 90 mph.4.1.2 Class GPassed at basic wind speeds up to andincluding 193 km
13、/h 120 mph.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofingand Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 on SteepRoofing Products and Assemblies.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published January 2011. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last prev
14、ious edition approved in 2008 as D7158 08d. DOI:10.1520/D7158_D7158M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AS
15、TM website.3Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr H
16、arbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.1.3 Class HPassed at basic wind speeds up to andincluding 242 km/h 150 mph.5. Summary of Test Method5.1 The uplift force induced by wind passing over thesurface of asphalt shingles is determined by calculation involv-ing the
17、 uplift coefficients obtained from pressures measuredabove and below the shingle at the windward and leeward sidesof the sealant, taking into account the desired basic wind speedclassification and the uplift rigidity of the shingle. The calcu-lated uplift force (FT) for each of the possible classifi
18、cations iscompared to the measured uplift resistance (RT) of the sealedshingle to establish the wind resistance classification of theshingle.5.2 The method involves three steps:5.2.1 Uplift coefficients are determined by measuring pres-sure differences above and below the shingle as air moves overth
19、e surface of a deck of sealed shingles under controlledconditions.5.2.2 The uplift forces acting on the shingle are calculated,using the wind uplift coefficients, shingle sealant configurationand a specific basic wind speed.5.2.3 Shingle uplift resistance to that specific basic windspeed is determin
20、ed by comparing the calculated uplift forcesacting on the sealant to the uplift resistances measured withTest Method D6381. Uplift resistances from Procedure A andProcedure B are applied against the uplift forces in a mannerdetailed in the calculation section.5.3 This test method is applicable to an
21、y asphalt shinglesurfaced with mineral granules where the shingle above isaffixed to the surface of the shingle below with a sealant(factory or field applied) applied in a pattern aligned parallel tothe windward edge of the shingle.NOTE 1It is not prohibited to use this test method for researchpurpo
22、ses using variations in the number and placement of fasteners. If thisis done, the report shall include details of the number and placement offasteners.6. Significance and Use6.1 The wind resistance of sealed asphalt shingles is directlyrelated to the ability of the sealed shingle to resist the forc
23、e ofthe wind acting to lift the shingle from the shingle below. Thistest method employs the measured resistance of the shingle tomechanical uplift after sealing under defined conditions, in acalculation which determines whether this resistance exceedsthe calculated force induced by wind passing over
24、 the surfaceof the shingle. Natural wind conditions differ with respect tointensity, duration, and turbulence; while these conditions wereconsidered, and safety factors introduced, extreme naturalvariations are beyond the means of this test method to simulate.6.2 Many factors influence the sealing c
25、haracteristics ofshingles in the field; for example, temperature, time, roof slope,contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners that aremisaligned or under driven and interfere with sealing. It isbeyond the scope of this test method to address all of theseinfluences. The classification determined
26、 in this test method isbased on the mechanical uplift resistance determined whenrepresentative samples of shingles are sealed under definedconditions before testing.6.3 The calculations that support the Classes in 4.1 useseveral standard building environment factors. These includethe 3-s wind gust e
27、xposure from ASCE-7, installation onCategory I or II buildings for all slopes, ground roughness B orC, and installation on buildings 60 ft tall or less.NOTE 2The assumptions used in the calculations for the classes in 4.1cover the requirements for the majority of the asphalt shingle roofsinstalled.
28、If environmental factors are outside those used in the calcula-tions for these classes, such as ground roughness D, building heightsgreater than 60 ft tall, building use categories III or IV and other exposuresas defined byASCE-7, other calculations are required. Consult the shinglemanufacturer for
29、the specific shingles DCp, EI, L, L1, and L2 valuesneeded to complete these calculations.6.4 The test to determine uplift coefficients is conductedwith a wind velocity of 15.6 6 1.3 m/s 35 6 3 mph. Researchdata obtained during the development of this test procedure, aswell as standard wind modeling
30、practices, provides for dataextrapolation to other wind speeds. In order to simulate theraised shingle edge that is inherent behavior under high windexposure, shims are inserted under the windward edge of theshingle as appropriate based on wind speed and uplift rigidityof the shingle being investiga
31、ted. This test method provides ameans of measuring shingle uplift rigidity which is used todetermine the correct shim thickness. Additionally, this testmethod allows for the use of a default value for uplift rigidity(EI) of 7175 N-mm22.5 lbf-in.2, if a rigidity measurement isnot made. This default v
32、alue is conservative since the lowest EImeasured in the development of this program was 14 350N-mm25.0 lbf-in.2.NOTE 3 The entire field of wind engineering is based on use ofsmall-scale models in wind tunnels using wind speeds much lower thanthe full-scale values. Building Codes permit testing of th
33、is type to replacethe analytical provisions of the Building Code through the provisions ofASCE 7. (See Appendix X1 for details and references.)7. Apparatus7.1 The apparatus described in Test Method D6381, Proce-dure A, modified as described below, is used to determine theuplift rigidity of the shing
34、le being evaluated.7.2 The apparatus described in Test Method D3161, modi-fied as described below, is used to determine the wind upliftcoefficient of the shingle being evaluated.7.3 Air flow instrumentation capable of continuously mea-suring and recording time-averaged velocity accurate to 60.45m/s
35、61.0 mph and a method of traversing the measurementdevice above the test deck is used to measure velocities of theair flow.7.4 Air pressure instrumentation capable of continuouslymeasuring and electronically recording the time-averaged pres-sures of 2.5 to 311 Pa 0.01 to 1.25 in. of water is use tom
36、easure the pressure above and below the shingle on the testdeck.7.5 Shims of thickness 1 6 0.05 mm 0.04 6 0.002 in. anda maximum length and width of 5.1 by 5.1 mm 0.2 by 0.2 in.are used to lift the windward edge of the shingle during part ofthe wind uplift coefficient measurements (see 11.2.5). Shim
37、s ofother thicknesses, but a minimum of 0.1 mm 0.004 in., and amaximum width and length of 5.1 by 5.1 mm 0.2 by 0.2 in.,are used as required, alone or in combination, to lift theD7158/D7158M 112windward edge to the height calculated from the shingledeflection (see 11.2.13).NOTE 4The modifications to
38、 the Test Method D3161 apparatus toinduce turbulence, the air flow and pressure measurement instrumentation,and the shims employed, are consistent with the procedure developed forTest Method ANSI/UL 2390 for shingle wind resistance testing.7.6 The apparatus described in Test Method D6381 is usedto d
39、etermine the mechanical uplift resistance of the shinglebeing evaluated. The selection of Procedure A or B in TestMethod D6381 is dictated by the magnitude of the forces infront of (FF) and behind (FB) the sealant as calculated using themeasured wind uplift coefficient and the geometry of theshingle
40、 being evaluated (see 12.2).8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Shingle Uplift RigidityUse a metal shim 90 by 90 mm3.5 by 3.5 in. with thickness equal to or greater than that ofthe jaw of the pendant clamp in Test Method D6381 to allowinsertion of the jaw of the pendant clamp without deflecting thespecim
41、en before the test begins. Insert the shim all the way tothe base (“stop”) of the specimen clamp on the lower fixture.The second specimen clamp on the lower fixture is not used inthis test. The same “stop” shall be used each time for both theshim and the specimens. See Fig. 1.8.2 Shingle Wind Uplift
42、 Coeffcient:8.2.1 Install devices to induce the desired turbulent air flowfrom the fan-induced wind apparatus used in Test MethodD3161 as follows:8.2.1.1 Install a turbulence grid as shown in Fig. 2 in the airflow exit orifice of the fan-induced wind apparatus.8.2.1.2 Install a bridge panel with rou
43、ghness strips betweenthe air flow orifice of the apparatus used in Test Method D3161and the test deck as shown in Fig. 3.8.2.1.3 The overall arrangement of a modified Test MethodD3161 apparatus is shown schematically in Fig. 4.8.2.1.4 Test decks shall be constructed in accordance withTest Method D31
44、61, with the shingles applied in accordancewith the manufacturers instructions. The test deck sits on anadjustable stand, and is fixed at 0.91 m 36 in. from the airflow orifice. A rigid bridge with roughness strips (as shown inFig. 4) is placed between the orifice and the test deck, and thereis no s
45、tep between the bridge and the deck. The bridge and thedeck are both set at a slope of 1.6 6 0.5 degrees. A minimumof 4 ft 1.2 m of clear space shall be maintained at the sidesand back of the test panel deck.8.2.1.5 The measurement area, as shown in Fig. 5, is an areaof 305 by 178 mm 12 by 7 in. wit
46、h the long directionperpendicular to the airflow. The area is centered 635 mm 25in. from either side of the 1.27 m 50 in. dimension of the testdeck. The front edge of the measurement area shall be the firstFIG. 1 Apparatus Used in Test Method D6381 Modified for this Test Method Using a Metal Shim an
47、d Using Only One Specimen ClampD7158/D7158M 113course of shingles located within the measurement area with itswindward edge at least 356 mm 14 in. from the edge of thetest deck closest to the air source.8.2.1.6 Calibrate the air flow as follows: A vertical velocityprofile of time-averaged (mean) vel
48、ocity shall be measured atthe center of the measurement area at 12.7 and 25.4 mm 0.5and 1.0 in. above the surface, and at every 25.4 mm 1.0 in.above the previous measurement to a height of 152 mm 6 in.The velocity will increase with distance from the surface, reacha peak value, and begin to decrease
49、 with additional height.Record the maximum velocity and its height. This maximumvelocity shall be at least 15.6 m/s 35 mph.Ahorizontal profileof time-averaged velocities across the measurement area shallbe made at the height of maximum velocity (see Note 5)inthevertical profile, and progressing in 25.4 mm 1.0 in. steps inboth horizontal directions perpendicular to the airflow withinNOTE1 in. = 25.4 mm.FIG. 2 Turbulence Grid Installed at Air Flow Exit Orifice of Apparatus Used in Test Method D3161NOTE1 in. = 25.4
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