1、Designation: D7158/D7158M 11D7158/D7158M 16Standard Test Method forWind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Uplift Force/UpliftResistance Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7158/D7158M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for calculating the wind resistance of asph
3、alt shingles when applied in accordancewith the manufacturers instructions, and sealed under defined conditions. Shingle designs that depend on interlocking or productrigidity to resist the wind cannot be evaluated using this test method. The method calculates the uplift force exerted on the shingle
4、by the action of wind at a specified velocity, and compares that to the mechanical uplift resistance of the shingle. A shingle isdetermined to be wind resistant at a specified basic wind speed when the measured uplift resistance exceeds the calculated upliftforce for that velocity (3-second gust, AS
5、CE 7).1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conforma
6、nce with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to
7、 use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt) Surfaced With Mineral Granules (Withdrawn 2012)3D228D228/D228M Test Methods for Sampling, Testing, and Analysis of Asphalt Roll Roofing, Cap Sheets, and Shingles Usedin Roofing and WaterproofingD10
8、79 Terminology Relating to Roofing and WaterproofingD3161D3161/D3161M Test Method for Wind-Resistance of Asphalt Shingles Steep Slope Roofing Products (Fan-InducedMethod)D3462D3462/D3462M Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from Glass Felt and Surfaced with Mineral GranulesD6381D6381/D6381M Test
9、 Method for Measurement of Asphalt Shingle Mechanical Uplift Resistance2.2 ASCE Standard:4ASCE 7027-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other StructuresASCE 49-12 Wind Tunnel Testing for Buildings and Other Structures2.3 ANSI/UL Standard:ANSI/UL 239004 Test Method for Wind Resistant Asphalt Sh
10、ingles with Sealed Tabs53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definition of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D1079.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing and Waterproofing and is the direc
11、t responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 on SteepRoofing Products and Assemblies.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011May 1, 2016. Published January 2011June 2016. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20082011 asD7158 08d.D7158/D7158M 11. DOI: 10.1520/D7158_D7158M-11.10.1520
12、/D7158_D7158M-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historic
13、al standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.5 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This d
14、ocument is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions
15、as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.1 sealantas it relates to steep roofing shingles,
16、is defined as factory-applied or field-applied typically asphaltic materialdesigned to seal the shingles to each other under the action of time and temperature after the shingles are applied to a roof.3.2.2 sealas it relates to steep roofing shingles, is the bonding that results from the activation
17、of the sealant under the actionof time and temperature.3.2.3 sealedthe condition of the shingles after they are subjected to the conditioning procedure described in 10.3.4. Types and Classes of Shingles4.1 Shingles are classified based on their resistance to wind velocities determined from measured
18、data (Section 11), calculationsof uplift force (Section 12), and interpretation of results (Section 13), as follows:4.1.1 Class DPassed at basic wind speeds up to and including 145185 km/h 90115 mph.4.1.2 Class GPassed at basic wind speeds up to and including 193241 km/h 120150 mph.4.1.3 Class HPass
19、ed at basic wind speeds up to and including 242306 km/h 150190 mph.5. Summary of Test Method5.1 The uplift force induced by wind passing over the surface of asphalt shingles is determined by calculation involving theuplift coefficients obtained from pressures measured above and below the shingle at
20、the windward and leeward sides of the sealant,taking into account the desired basic wind speed classification and the uplift rigidity of the shingle. The calculated uplift force (FT)for each of the possible classifications is compared to the measured uplift resistance (RT) of the sealed shingle to e
21、stablish the windresistance classification of the shingle.5.2 The method involves three steps:5.2.1 Uplift coefficients are determined by measuring pressure differences above and below the shingle as air moves over thesurface of a deck of sealed shingles under controlled conditions.5.2.2 The uplift
22、forces acting on the shingle are calculated, using the wind uplift coefficients, shingle sealant configuration anda specific basic wind speed.5.2.3 Shingle uplift resistance to that specific basic wind speed is determined by comparing the calculated uplift forces actingon the sealant to the uplift r
23、esistances measured with Test Method D6381D6381/D6381M. Uplift resistances from ProcedureAandProcedure B are applied against the uplift forces in a manner detailed in the calculation section.5.3 This test method is applicable to any asphalt shingle surfaced with mineral granules where the shingle ab
24、ove is affixed tothe surface of the shingle below with a sealant (factory or field applied) applied in a pattern aligned parallel to the windward edgeof the shingle.NOTE 1It is not prohibited to use this test method for research purposes using variations in the number and placement of fasteners. If
25、this is done,the report shall include details of the number and placement of fasteners.6. Significance and Use6.1 The wind resistance of sealed asphalt shingles is directly related to the ability of the sealed shingle to resist the force of thewind acting to lift the shingle from the shingle below.
26、This test method employs the measured resistance of the shingle tomechanical uplift after sealing under defined conditions, in a calculation which determines whether this resistance exceeds thecalculated force induced by wind passing over the surface of the shingle. Natural wind conditions differ wi
27、th respect to intensity,duration, and turbulence; while these conditions were considered, and safety factors introduced, extreme natural variations arebeyond the means of this test method to simulate.6.2 Many factors influence the sealing characteristics of shingles in the field; for example, temper
28、ature, time, roof slope,contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners that are misaligned or under driven and interfere with sealing. It is beyond the scopeof this test method to address all of these influences. The classification determined in this test method is based on the mechanicaluplift res
29、istance determined when representative samples of shingles are sealed under defined conditions before testing.6.3 The calculations that support the Classes in 4.1 use several standard building environment factors. These include the 3-swind gust exposure from ASCE-7, ASCE 7-10, installation on Catego
30、ry I or IIthrough IV buildings for all slopes, surface groundroughness B or C, and installation on buildings 60 ft tall or less.NOTE 2The assumptions used in the calculations for the classes in 4.1 cover the requirements for the majority of the asphalt shingle roofs installed.If environmental factor
31、s are outside those used in the calculations for these classes, such as surface ground roughness D, building heights greater than60 ft tall, building use categories III or IV and other exposures as defined by ASCE-7, ASCE 7-10, other calculations are required. Consult the shinglemanufacturer for the
32、 specific shingles DCp, EI, L, L1, and L2 values needed to complete these calculations.6.4 The test to determine uplift coefficients is conducted with a wind velocity of 15.6 6 1.3 m/s 35 6 3 mph. Research dataobtained during the development of this test procedure, as well as standard wind modeling
33、practices, provides for dataextrapolation to other wind speeds. In order to simulate the raised shingle edge that is inherent behavior under high wind exposure,shims are inserted under the windward edge of the shingle as appropriate based on wind speed and uplift rigidity of the shinglebeing investi
34、gated. This test method provides a means of measuring shingle uplift rigidity which is used to determine the correctD7158/D7158M 162shim thickness. Additionally, this test method allows for the use of a default value for uplift rigidity (EI) of 7175 N-mm2 2.5lbf-in.2, if a rigidity measurement is no
35、t made. This default value is conservative since the lowest EI measured in the developmentof this program was 14 350 N-mm2 5.0 lbf-in.2.NOTE 3 The entire field of wind engineering is based on use of small-scale models in wind tunnels using wind speeds much lower than the full-scalevalues. Building C
36、odes permit testing of this type to replace the analytical provisions of the Building Code through the provisions of ASCE 7.7-10. (SeeAppendix X1 for details and references.)7. Apparatus7.1 The apparatus described in Test Method D6381D6381/D6381M, Procedure A, modified as described below, is used to
37、determine the uplift rigidity of the shingle being evaluated.7.2 The apparatus described in Test Method D3161D3161/D3161M, modified as described below, is used to determine the winduplift coefficient of the shingle being evaluated.7.3 Air flow instrumentation capable of continuously measuring and re
38、cording time-averaged velocity accurate to 60.45 m/s61.0 mph and a method of traversing the measurement device above the test deck is used to measure velocities of the air flow.7.4 Air pressure instrumentation capable of continuously measuring and electronically recording the time-averaged pressures
39、of 2.5 to 311 Pa 0.01 to 1.25 in. of water is use to measure the pressure above and below the shingle on the test deck.7.5 Shims of thickness 1 6 0.05 mm 0.04 6 0.002 in. and a maximum length and width of 5.1 by 5.1 mm 0.2 by 0.2 in.are used to lift the windward edge of the shingle during part of th
40、e wind uplift coefficient measurements (see 11.2.5). Shims ofother thicknesses, but a minimum of 0.1 mm 0.004 in., and a maximum width and length of 5.1 by 5.1 mm 0.2 by 0.2 in., areused as required, alone or in combination, to lift the windward edge to the height calculated from the shingle deflect
41、ion (see11.2.13).NOTE 4The modifications to the Test Method D3161D3161/D3161M apparatus to induce turbulence, the air flow and pressure measurementinstrumentation, and the shims employed, are consistent with the procedure developed for Test MethodANSI/UL2390 for shingle wind resistance testing.7.6 T
42、he apparatus described in Test Method D6381D6381/D6381M is used to determine the mechanical uplift resistance of theshingle being evaluated. The selection of Procedure A or B in Test Method D6381D6381/D6381M is dictated by the magnitudeof the forces in front of (FF) and behind (FB) the sealant as ca
43、lculated using the measured wind uplift coefficient and the geometryof the shingle being evaluated (see 12.2).8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Shingle Uplift RigidityUse a metal shim 90 by 90 mm 3.5 by 3.5 in. with thickness equal to or greater than that of thejaw of the pendant clamp in Test Method D
44、6381D6381/D6381M to allow insertion of the jaw of the pendant clamp withoutdeflecting the specimen before the test begins. Insert the shim all the way to the base (“stop”) of the specimen clamp on the lowerfixture. The second specimen clamp on the lower fixture is not used in this test. The same “st
45、op” shall be used each time for boththe shim and the specimens. See Fig. 1.8.2 Shingle Wind Uplift Coeffcient:8.2.1 Install devices to induce the desired turbulent air flow from the fan-induced wind apparatus used in Test MethodD3161D3161/D3161M as follows:8.2.1.1 Install a turbulence grid as shown
46、in Fig. 2 in the air flow exit orifice of the fan-induced wind apparatus.8.2.1.2 Install a bridge panel with roughness strips between the air flow orifice of the apparatus used in Test MethodD3161D3161/D3161M and the test deck as shown in Fig. 3.8.2.1.3 The overall arrangement of a modified Test Met
47、hod D3161D3161/D3161M apparatus is shown schematically in Fig. 4.8.2.1.4 Test decks shall be constructed in accordance with Test Method D3161D3161/D3161M, with the shingles applied inaccordance with the manufacturers instructions. The test deck sits on an adjustable stand, and is fixed at 0.91 m910
48、mm 36 in.from the air flow orifice. A rigid bridge with roughness strips (as shown in Fig. 4) is placed between the orifice and the test deck,and there is no step between the bridge and the deck. The bridge and the deck are both set at a slope of 1.6 6 0.5 degrees. Aminimum of 4 ft 1.2 m of clear sp
49、ace shall be maintained at the sides and back of the test panel deck.8.2.1.5 The measurement area, as shown in Fig. 5, is an area of 305 by 178 mm 12 by 7 in. with the long directionperpendicular to the airflow. The area is centered 635 mm 25 in. from either side of the 1.27 m 50 in. dimension of the testdeck. The front edge of the measurement area shall be the first course of shingles located within the measurement area with itswindward edge at least 356 mm 14 in. from the edge of the test deck closest to the air sourc
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