ASTM D7170-2012 3750 Standard Test Method for Determination of Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel OilsFixed Range Injection Period Constant Volume Combustion Chamber Method.pdf

1、Designation: D7170 12Standard Test Method forDetermination of Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of DieselFuel OilsFixed Range Injection Period, Constant VolumeCombustion Chamber Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7170; the number immediately following the designation indicates the

2、 year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determina

3、tionof the ignition characteristics of conventional diesel fuel oils,diesel fuel oils containing cetane number improver additives,and is applicable to products typical of Specification D975,Grades No. 1-D and 2-D regular and low-sulfur diesel fuel oils,European standard EN 590, and Canadian standard

4、s CAN/CGSB-3.517-2000 and CAN/CGSB 3.6-2000. The test methodmay also be applied to the quantitative determination of theignition characteristics of blends of fuel oils containing bio-diesel material, and diesel fuel oil blending components.1.2 This test method measures the ignition delay and utilize

5、sa constant volume combustion chamber with direct fuel injec-tion into heated, compressed air. An equation converts anignition delay determination to a derived cetane number(DCN).1.3 This test method covers the ignition delay range from aminimum value of 35.0 DCN (ignition delay of 4.89 ms) to amaxi

6、mum value of 59.6 DCN (ignition delay of 2.87 ms). Theaverage DCN result for each sample in the ILS ranged from37.29 (average ignition delay of 4.5894 ms) to 56.517 (averageignition delay of 3.0281 ms).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are

7、 included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations pr

8、ior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petrole

9、umProducts, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical

10、Measurement System PerformanceD6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricantsD6708 Practice for StatisticalAssessment and Improvementof Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods thatPurport to Measure the Same Property of a Ma

11、terialE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE832 Specification for Laboratory Filter Papers2.2 EN Standard:3EN 590 Automotive FuelsDieselRequirements andTest Methods2.3 Energy Institute Standard:41This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and

12、Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved June 15, 2012. Published July 2012. Originallyapproved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D717011. DOI:10.1520/D7170-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the A

13、STM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from European Committee for standardization. Central Secretariat:rue de Stassart, 36, B-1050

14、Brussels, Belgium.4Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.IP 41 Ignition Quality of

15、 Diesel FuelsCetane Engine TestMethod2.4 Canadian Standards:5CAN/CGSB-3.517-2000 Regular Sulphur Diesel FuelSpecificationCAN/CGSB 3.6-2000 Automotive Low-Sulphur DieselFuelSpecification2.5 DIN Standard:6DIN 73372 Einspritzdsen Grsse T und U3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value

16、 (ARV), na value thatserves as an agreed-upon reference for comparison and that isderived as (1) a theoretical or established value, based onscientific principles, (2) an assigned value, based on experi-mental work of some national or international organization,such as the U.S. National Institute of

17、 Standards and Technol-ogy (NIST), or (3) a consensus value, based on collaborativeexperimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group. E4563.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this method, acceptedreference value is understood to apply to the ignition delay ofspecific reference

18、materials determined under reproducibilityconditions by collaborative experimental work.3.1.2 cetane number (CN), na measure of the ignitionperformance of a diesel fuel oil obtained by comparing it toreference fuels in a standardized engine test. D41753.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the context of this method,

19、 cetanenumber is that defined by ASTM D613/IP 41.3.1.3 check standard, nin QC testing, a material havingan accepted reference value used to determine the accuracy ofa measurement system. D62993.1.3.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,check standard refers to heptane.3.1.4 quality control

20、(QC) sample, nfor use in qualityassurance programs to determine and monitor the precision andstability of a measurement system, a stable and homogeneousmaterial having physical or chemical properties, or both,similar to those of typical samples tested by the analyticalmeasurement system. The materia

21、l is properly stored to ensuresample integrity, and is available in sufficient quantity forrepeated, long term testing. D62993.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 calibration reference material, na pure chemicalhaving an assigned ignition delay accepted reference value.3.2.2 charg

22、e air, ncompressed air at a specified pressureintroduced into the combustion chamber at the beginning ofeach test cycle.3.2.3 charge air temperature, ntemperature, in C, of theair inside the combustion chamber.3.2.4 combustion analyzer, nan integrated compressionignition apparatus to measure the ign

23、ition characteristics ofdiesel fuel oil.3.2.5 derived cetane number (DCN), na number calcu-lated using a conversion equation to determine a cetanenumber.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe conversion equation relates a mea-sured ignition delay or ignition delay and combustion delayfrom a combustion analyzer to a

24、cetane number.3.2.6 ignition delay (ID), nthat period of time, in milli-seconds (ms), between the start of fuel injection and the start ofcombustion as determined using the specific combustion ana-lyzer applicable for this test method.3.2.6.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, startof fue

25、l injection is interpreted as the initial movement or lift ofthe injector nozzle needle as measured by a motion sensor; startof combustion is interpreted as that point in the combustioncycle when a significant (+0.02 MPa above chamber staticpressure) and sustained increase in rate-of-change in press

26、ure,as measured by a pressure sensor in the combustion chamber,ensures combustion is in progress.3.2.7 injection period (IP), nthe period of time, in milli-seconds (ms), that the fuel injector nozzle is open as deter-mined using the specific combustion analyzer applicable forthis test method.3.2.8 o

27、perating period, nthe time, not to exceed 12 h,between successive calibration or QC testing, or both, of thecombustion analyzer by a single operator.3.3 Acronyms:3.3.1 ARVaccepted reference value3.3.2 CNcetane number3.3.3 DCNderived cetane number3.3.4 IDignition delay3.3.5 QCquality control4. Summar

28、y of Test Method4.1 A small specimen of diesel fuel oil is injected into aheated, temperature-controlled constant volume chamber,which has previously been charged with compressed air. Eachinjection produces a single-shot, compression ignition combus-tion cycle. ID is measured using sensors that dete

29、ct the start offuel injection and the start of significant combustion for eachcycle. A complete sequence comprises 2 preliminary cyclesand 25 further cycles. The ID measurements for the last 25cycles are averaged to produce the ID result. An equationconverts the ID result to a DCN.5. Significance an

30、d Use5.1 The ID and DCN values determined by this test methodcan provide a measure of the ignition characteristics of dieselfuel oil in compression ignition engines.5.2 This test can be used by engine manufacturers, petro-leum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a specifica-tion aid to relate

31、 or match fuels and engines.5.3 The relationship of diesel fuel oil DCN determinationsto the performance of full-scale, variable-speed, variable-loaddiesel engines is not completely understood.5.4 This test may be applied to non-conventional fuels. It isrecognized that the performance of non-convent

32、ional fuels infull-scale engines is not completely understood. The user istherefore cautioned to investigate the suitability of ignition5Available from the Canadian General Standards Board, Ottawa, Canada, K1A1G6.6Available from DIN, Deutsches Institut fr Normung, Burggrafenstrasse 6,10787 Berlin.D7

33、170 122characteristic measurements for predicting performance infull-scale engines for these types of fuels.5.5 This test determines ignition characteristics and requiresa sample of approximately 220 mL and a test time ofapproximately 20 min on a fit-for-use instrument.6. Interferences6.1 WarningMin

34、imize exposure of sample fuels, calibra-tion reference materials, QC samples, and check standard tosunlight or fluorescent lamp UV emissions to minimize in-duced chemical reactions that can affect ignition delay mea-surements.76.1.1 Exposure of these fuels and materials to UV wave-lengths shorter th

35、an 550 nm for a short period of time cansignificantly affect ignition delay measurements.NOTE 1The formation of peroxide and radicals can affect ignitiondelay measurement. These formations are minimized when the sample ormaterial is stored in the dark in a cold room at a temperature of less than10C

36、and covered by a blanket of nitrogen.7. Apparatus7.1 GeneralThis test method uses an integrated auto-mated analytical measurement system8(see Fig. 1) comprisedof:7.1.1 Combustion ChamberA cylindrical block having avolume of 0.60 6 0.03 L, with external heating elements, heatshield, and electrically

37、actuated intake and exhaust valves.There is an opening at one end of the chamber to accommodateinsertion of the fuel injection nozzle assembly and an openingat the other end of the chamber to accommodate insertion ofintake, exhaust, and various sensors.7.1.2 Fuel Injection SystemA pneumatically actu

38、ated fuelinjection system with fuel injection pump, injector nozzleassembly and associated sample reservoir to assure for properand repeatable injection of calibration, QC material, and testspecimens into the combustion chamber. The system includes:7.1.2.1 Fuel Sample ReservoirA metal reservoir havi

39、ng anominal volume of 100 mL.7.1.2.2 Fuel Injector NozzleA standard one-hole nozzleconforming to the requirements of DIN 73372. The nozzle isassembled to the body that incorporates a spring-loaded needleextension with screw and lock nut for adjusting the nozzleopening pressure setting; a fuel bleed

40、passage connecting to anexternal bleed valve for bleeding fuel from the nozzle andnozzle body; and a positions motion sensor mounted in anadjustable housing near the injector nozzle needle extensionpin, to determine when the nozzle needle lifts to initiate thestart of injection.7.1.3 Coolant SystemA

41、 closed-loop circulating coolantsystem to control the temperature of the combustion injectornozzle. The system includes an auxiliary heat exchanger withbuilt-in circulating pump and flow control valves.7.1.4 Instrument SensorsSensors used to measure andeither indicate the value of a variable or tran

42、smit the conditionfor control or data acquisition purposes such as:7.1.4.1 Combustion Chamber Static Pressure Sensor(P0)A sensor installed to measure the static pressure withinthe combustion chamber before and after each combustioncycle.7.1.4.2 Combustion Chamber Dynamic Pressure Sensor(P1)A sensor

43、installed to measure the pressure within thecombustion chamber during each combustion cycle. The pres-sure sensor is fitted with an integrated temperature sensor torecord the operating temperature (T3) at the sensor.7.1.4.3 Injection Actuator Air Pressure Regulator (P2)Acalibrated pressure regulator

44、 installed between the pneumaticair supply and the fuel injection pump actuator.7.1.4.4 Combustion Chamber Inner Wall Temperature Sen-sor (T2)A type K thermocouple with stainless steel sheath,inserted in a well fastened to the inner surface of the chamber.7.1.4.5 Chamber Charge Air Temperature Senso

45、r (T1)Atype K thermocouple with stainless steel sheath, inserted in thecombustion chamber.7.1.4.6 Fuel Injection Pump Temperature Sensor (T4)APT100 temperature sensor with stainless steel sheath, insertedinto the fuel injection pump body.7.1.4.7 Injector Nozzle Cooling Jacket Temperature Sensor(T5)A

46、 PT100 temperature sensor with stainless steel sheath,inserted in the injector nozzle coolant passage.7.1.4.8 Injector Nozzle Motion Sensor (N1)A motionsensor, that can be adjusted to provide a suitable gap betweenits sensing surface and the end of injector nozzle needleextension pin to detect the s

47、tart of fuel injection.7.1.5 Computerized Control, Data Acquisition, Data Analy-sis and Reporting SystemA microprocessor controlled sys-tem connected to a computer with keyboard for manual entryof operating instructions, a monitor for visual observation of alltesting functions, and a printer for pri

48、nted copy output of testresults. The computer-based system provides automated con-trol of the relevant combustion analyzer and sub-systemcomponent functions and to collect and process all relevantsignals from the injector nozzle needle motion sensor, andtemperature and pressure sensors.7.2 Refer to

49、the instruction manual of the manufacturer9fordetailed information.7.3 Compressed Gas Pressure Regulators:7.3.1 Charge Air RegulatorAtwo-stage regulator capableof controlling the downstream pressure to a minimum pressureof 2.40 MPa.7.3.2 Pneumatic Air RegulatorA two-stage regulator ca-pable of controlling the downstream pressure to a minimumpressure of 0.75 MPa.7.4 Auxiliary Apparatus:7Supporting data, “Sunlight and Air Exposure Effects on Octane Number orCetane Number of Petroleum Product Samples,” have been filed at ASTMInternati