1、Designation: D 7189 05Standard Test Method forRelative Mileage of News Ink on Newsprint1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7189; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the laboratory procedure fordetermining the relative mileage of news inks on newsprint.The test method utilizes a pr
3、oofing press, analytical balanceand a reflection densitometer.1.2 This test method is intended for black oil-based newsinks that dry by penetration (that is, letterpress or web offset)and for which a suitable reference standard is available. Withappropriate optical instrumentation, it is also applic
4、able tocolored news inks.1.3 This test method may also be used to determine therelative ink receptivity of test newsprints versus a referencestandard.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This test method does
5、 not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stan
6、dards:2D 528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaper ProductsD 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paperboard forTestingD 5039 Test Methods for Identification of Wire Side ofPaper3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ink mileage, nweight per unit area of ink required toachieve a given
7、optical density, laboratory units are g/m2.3.1.2 ink receptivity, nweight per unit area of ink requiredto achieve a target optical density when comparing differentpaper stocks, laboratory units are g/m2.3.1.3 news ink, na pigmented paste composition that isapplied to newsprint by printing machinery.
8、3.1.4 newsprint, npaper substrate made from wood pulpused chiefly for printing newspapers.3.1.5 optical density, nthe light absorbing ability of amaterial, expressed as the logarithm of the reciprocal of thereflectance factor (that is, higher optical density indicates morelight is absorbed).3.2 Symb
9、ols:A = weight of inked plate after printing, gB = weight of inked plate before printing, gC = coverage (weight of ink) on the print, gCT= C required to achieve the target optical density, gD = optical densityM = mileage of an ink, or ink receptivity of a paper, g/m2S = printed area on the paper spe
10、cimen, cm24. Summary of Test Method4.1 Laboratory prints of the test news ink on the designatednewsprint are made at various ink film weights giving opticaldensities that span the target value.4.2 The weight of ink on the print corresponding to thetarget density is determined graphically or by regre
11、ssionanalysis. The resulting value for mileage, expressed as g/m2,iscompared to that obtained with the reference news ink tested inthe identical fashion.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct respo
12、nsibility ofSubcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published September 2005.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service as serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the
13、 standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3 When the test method is used to compare differentnewsprint stocks with a reference newsprint, the relationship iscalled ink recep
14、tivity.5. Significance and Use5.1 Ink mileage on a production press is of economicimportance of the user of printing inks, the lower the mileagefigure, the less ink is required to produce a job. This testmethod provides a procedure by which news inks can beassessed for mileage or newsprint stocks fo
15、r ink receptivity inthe laboratory.5.2 Because of the many variables that exist among labora-tory and production presses, this test method is apt to yieldmore meaningful information when results are expressed on arelative rather that an absolute basis.6. Apparatus6.1 Laboratory print makerpreferably
16、 a motor drivenprintability tester capable of setting print pressure and havinga readily removable printing plate that can be accommodatedon an analytical balance.6.2 Printing platetypically a solid-faced disk composedof aluminum, rubber-covered aluminum, or rubber-coverednylon. Resulting prints are
17、 about 4 to 5 cm wide and 20 cmlong (112 by 8 in.).6.3 Analytical Balanceaccurate to 0 .0001 g with 150 gcapacity to accommodate the typical disc in 6.2.6.4 Tongsfor handling the printing plate.6.5 Ink spatulasmall.7. Materials7.1 For measuring mileage of news inks.7.1.1 Reference news inkhaving a k
18、nown mileage, to beused as the basis for rating the test news ink.7.1.2 Newsprintcut to appropriate size appropriate to theprint maker and consistent for printing side (felt or wire) andgrain direction.7.1.3 Target optical density specification7.1.4 Backing materialfor use while making optical den-s
19、ity measurements. A black matte material or several sheets ofunprinted newsprint stock may be used by agreement betweensupplier and customer.7.1.5 Clean-up materialssuch as mineral spirits and lint-free rags or tissues.8. Test Specimen8.1 Less than one gram of news ink is sufficient to make therequi
20、red 4 to 6 prints for a mileage or ink receptivity test.Before removing the ink specimen from a container, insert aspatula and hand stir thoroughly, taking care that air bubblesare not introduced.8.2 For each mileage or ink receptivity test, prepare 6newsprint specimens by cutting the paper to the s
21、ize appropri-ate for the print maker; see guidelines in Table 1. The longerdimension should preferably be in the machine direction,which can be determined by Test Method D 528. Determine thefelt and wire side of the newsprint by Test Methods D 5039 andmark on each specimen. Unless otherwise specifie
22、d, the feltside will be the printing side.NOTE 1When handling the test newsprint, be careful not to touch thesurface with bare fingers, as localized changes in absorbency may result.9. Conditioning9.1 The adsorbency properties of paper and ink are highlysensitive to relative humidity and temperature
23、, respectively.For these reasons, reproducible printing requires that the testand reference samples be conditioned at the same conditions;Practice D 685 specifies 50 6 2 % relative humidity and 23 60.50C temperature.10. Prepare the Print Maker10.1 Preset the operating conditions of the laboratory pr
24、intmaker. Typical for newsprint are a printing pressure of 650 N,a printing speed of 4 m/s (800 fpm) and a temperature of 25C.10.2 Set the composition roller of the distribution system inplace.10.3 Select the printing disk to be used and position it on thedisk holder out of contact with the top roll
25、er.11. Procedure11.1 Apply to the composition roller of the distributionsystem the amount of ink necessary to obtain a print opticaldensity about 0.15 units above the target value. See guidelinesin Table 1. Using a small spatula, spread the ink uniformlyacross the roller.11.2 Turn the distribution s
26、ystem on, let distribute 15 s.11.3 Lower the printing disk onto the top roller, let distrib-ute for 15 s.11.4 Raise the disk holder. Turn the distribution system off.11.5 Using tongs, transfer the inked disk to the analyticalbalance. Weigh to the nearest 0.0001 g. Record as B1, theweight before maki
27、ng the first print.11.6 Using tongs, transfer the weighed disk to the printmaker. Insert the news print specimen, proper side up, into thesled (or mount on the impression cylinder).11.7 Turn the print maker on, pull the print, and turn theprint maker off.11.8 Immediately remove the print and positio
28、n on thedesignated backing (7.1.4). With the proper filter in place onthe densitometer, measure the optical density in at least threeplaces. Compute the average value and record as D1.11.9 Using tongs, remove the disk form the print maker,place it on the analytical balance, record the “after weight”
29、 tothe nearest 0.0001g as A.1.11.10 If D1 is not at least 0.15 units higher than the targetoptical density, dab a small quantity of ink across a distributionroller a repeat 11.2-11.6 without cleaning the disk.11.11 When D1 (or D2) is at least 0.15 units higher than thetarget density, continue making
30、 prints by 11.2-11.6 withoutcleaning the disk or distribution rollers until the optical densityTABLE 1 Guidelines for Test MaterialsPrintabilityTesterSize ofnewsprintcmSize of printcmSurface area ofdistributioncm2Initial ink added torollersgPrufbau 4.5 3 28 4 3 20 570 0.10 0.15IGT 5.5 3 28 5 3 20.8
31、1320 0.20 0.35D7189052falls below the target value. Ideally, there should be 2 or 3 setsof data above and 2 or 3 sets of data below the target value.11.12 At the conclusion of the testing, clean up the disk anddistribution system with appropriate solvent. Make sure bothare dry before continuing.11.1
32、3 Repeat 11.1-11.12 with the reference news ink (orreference newsprint).11.14 Run replicate tests by repeating 11.1-11.13.12. CalculationNOTE 2The starting optical density should be approximately 0.15units above the target optical density. Compute C, the ink on the print,from the difference on weigh
33、t of the inked plate before and after eachprinting as follows:C1 5 B1 A1, g (1)repeat for Print 2 through print n.12.1 Obtain the value of CT, the ink on the print required toachieve the target optical density, by interpolation of a graph ofeach D versus the corresponding C or by regression analysis
34、, orboth.12.2 Compute mileage per unit area by dividing CT by S,the area of the printed specimen in CM2, as follows:M 5CTS3 104, g/m2 (2)12.3 Compute relative mileage (or relative ink receptivity)by dividing the results for the test material by that of thereference material. A lower result means bet
35、ter efficiency.NOTE 3Customers may want the test method results expressed as thereciprocal of the results given in this calculation as the reciprocal resultcould be an indicator of how much finished printed matter could beproduced from a given amount of ink.13. Report13.1 Report the following inform
36、ation:13.1.1 Test results for relative mileage an in or relative inkreceptivity of a newsprint.13.1.2 Identity of the test and reference material.13.1.3 Color of the ink and the target density.13.1.4 Printing conditions such as type of print maker,pressure, speed and the type of printing plate.13.1.
37、5 Paper side used for printing (wire or felt).13.1.6 Deviations from this test method.14. Precision and Bias314.1 Precision: An interlaboratory study of this test methodwas conducted in which one operator in each of four labora-tories participated in round robin testing of five samples ofnews ink bl
38、acks of varying percentages of carbon blackpigmentation. The following criteria should be used for judg-ing the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence level:14.1.1 RepeatabilityDuplicate results obtained by thesame operator should be considered suspect if they differ bymore than 6.42 % of t
39、he mean g/m2.14.1.2 ReproducibilityDuplicate results obtained by op-erators in different laboratories should be considered suspect ifthey differ by more than 8.00 % of the mean g/m2.14.2 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias ofthe procedure in Test Method D 7189 for measuring Mileage ofNew
40、s Ink on News Print because no material having anaccepted reference value is available.15. Keywords15.1 ink mileage; ink receptivity; news print; optical densityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this sta
41、ndard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be revi
42、ewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsib
43、le technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co
44、nshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).3Supporting data are available from ASTM International Headquarters. RequestRR: D011133.D7189053
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