1、Designation: D 7296 06Standard Practice forCollection of Settled Dust Samples Using Dry WipeSampling Methods for Subsequent Determination ofBeryllium and Compounds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7296; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the collection of settled dust con-taining
3、beryllium and/or beryllium compounds on surfacesusing the dry wipe sampling method. These samples arecollected in a manner that will permit subsequent extractionand determination of beryllium and compounds in the wipesusing laboratory analysis techniques such as atomic spectrom-etry or fluorescence
4、detection.1.2 This practice is limited in its scope to applications wherewetted wipe sampling (using Practice D 6966) or vacuumsampling (using Practice D 7144) is not physically feasible (forexample, if the surface to be wiped would be compromised byuse of wetted wipes).1.3 This practice does not ad
5、dress the sampling designcriteria (that is, sampling plan which includes the number andlocation of samples) that are used for clearance, hazardevaluation, risk assessment, and other purposes. To provide forvalid conclusions, sufficient numbers of samples should beobtained as directed by a sampling p
6、lan.1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and arenot part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
7、responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD 4840 Guide for Samp
8、le Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD 6966 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust SamplesUsing Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Determi-nation of MetalsD 7144 Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals DeterminationE 1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Mat
9、erials for Leadin Surface Dust3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms not listed here, see TerminologyD 1356.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 batch, na group of field or quality control (QC)samples that are collected or processed together at the sametime using the same reagents and equipment.3.2.2 sampling
10、location, na specific area within a sam-pling site that is subjected to sample collection.3.2.2.1 DiscussionMultiple sampling locations are com-monly designated for a single sampling site (see 3.2.3).3.2.3 sampling site, na local geographic area that containsthe sampling locations (see 3.2.2).3.2.3.
11、1 DiscussionA sampling site is generally limited toan area that is easily covered by walking.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on WorkplaceAtmospheres.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published O
12、ctober 2006.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
13、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.4 dry wipe, na suitable non-wetted wiping medium.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThese are to be distinguished fromwipes as defined in Practice D 6966 and Specification E 1792,which are wet wipes.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standa
14、rd:3.3.1 field blank, na dry wipe (see 3.2.4) that is exposedto the same handling as field samples except that no sample iscollected (no surface is actually wiped).3.3.1.1 DiscussionAnalysis results from field blanks pro-vide information on the analyte background level in the drywipe, combined with
15、the potential contamination experiencedby samples collected within the batch (see 3.2.1) resulting fromhandling.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Wipe samples of settled dust are collected on surfacesfrom areas of known dimensions with dry wipes satisfyingcertain requirements, using a specified pattern of w
16、iping.4.2 The collected dry wipes are then ready for subsequentsample preparation and analysis for the measurement ofberyllium and compounds.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for the collection of settled dustsamples for the subsequent measurement of beryllium andcompounds. The pr
17、actice is meant for use in the collection ofsettled dust samples that are of interest in clearance, hazardevaluation, risk assessment, and other purposes.5.2 This practice is intended solely for the collection ofsettled dust samples from hard, relatively smooth nonporoussurfaces that may be compromi
18、sed by water or other wettingagents and that are therefore not suitable for wet wipe samplingusing Practice D 6966 or micro-vacuum sampling using Prac-tice D 7144. Use of this practice for any purpose other than theintended purpose is discouraged due to the limited collectionefficiency and high vari
19、ability of dry wipe sampling as com-pared to wetted wipe or micro-vacuum sampling3.5.3 This practice is less effective for collecting settled dustsamples from surfaces with substantial texture such as roughconcrete, brickwork, textured ceilings, and soft fibrous surfacessuch as upholstery and carpet
20、ing. Micro-vacuum samplingusing Practice D 7144 may be more suitable for these surfaces.6. Apparatus6.1 Sampling TemplatesOne or more of the following: 10cm by 10 cm (minimum dimensions) reusable or disposablealuminum or plastic template(s), or disposable cardboardtemplates, (full-square, rectangula
21、r, square “U-shaped,” rect-angular “U-shaped,” or “L-shaped,” or both); or templates ofalternative areas having accurately known dimensions (seeNote 1). Templates shall be capable of lying flat on a surface.NOTE 1For most surfaces, it is recommended to collect settled dustfrom a minimum surface area
22、 of 100 cm2to provide sufficient material forsubsequent laboratory analysis. However, larger areas (for example, 30 cmby 30 cm) may be appropriate for surfaces having little or no visiblesettled dust, while a smaller sampling area (for example, 10 cm by 10 cm)may be appropriate for surfaces with hig
23、h levels of visible settled dust. Itis recommended to have a suite of templates with various samplingdimensions.6.2 Dry Wipes, for collection of settled dust samples fromsurfaces. The background metal(s) content of the dry wipesshould be as low as possible. At a maximum, the backgroundlevel of beryl
24、lium shall be no more than one-tenth the targetconcentration to be measured. Variability of background levelsof beryllium shall not exceed ten times the standard deviationof the mean background level. Dry wipe materials shall becompatible with the anticipated sample preparation and analy-sis methods
25、.NOTE 2Characteristics of dry wipe materials, such as hardness,porosity, and thickness, may affect collection efficiency. Quantitativelaboratory filter paper, or wipe media with demonstrated equivalent orsuperior performance, should be used. Consistent use of a single materialis recommended because
26、use of multiple materials may produce widelyvarying results.3For ICP-AES analysis, dry wipes should be either whollysoluble or wholly insoluble when using the selected sample preparationmethod. This is because partially dissolved wipes can make subsequenthandling of sample solutions difficult, or th
27、ey can cause analytical errorsdue to matrix mismatches between sample solutions and calibrationsolutions, or both. Partially dissolved wipes may be acceptable as long asthe undissolved remnant leaves an intact skeleton (that is, of woven fabric)that does not adversely affect the sample solution. If
28、the sample prepara-tion method selected involves quantitative transfer of the sample solutionto volumetric glassware prior to analysis, the wipes used for samplingshould be completely soluble when using the chosen sample preparationmethod.6.3 Sample Containers, sealable, rigid-walled, 15-mL mini-mum
29、 volume.NOTE 3Screw-top plastic centrifuge tubes are an example of asuitable rigid-walled sample container.NOTE 4Use of sealable plastic bags for holding and transporting thesettled dust wipe samples is not recommended due to the potential loss ofcollected dust within the plastic bags during transpo
30、rtation and laboratoryhandling. Quantitative removal and processing of the settled dust wipesample by the laboratory is significantly improved through the use ofsealable rigid-walled containers.6.4 Measuring Tool, tape or ruler, capable of measuring tothe nearest 60.1 cm.6.5 Plastic Gloves, powderle
31、ss.6.6 Cleaning Cloths, for cleaning of templates and otherequipment.NOTE 5Wet wipes that comply with Specification E 1792 may beused for cleaning templates and other sampling equipment as long as theyare allowed to dry thoroughly before use. Other cleaning cloths or wipesnot meeting those requireme
32、nts may also be suitable for this purpose.6.7 Adhesive Tape, suitable for securing the template(s) tothe surface(s) to be sampled, and for demarcating samplingareas if templates are not used.NOTE 6Masking tape, for example, functions well for these purposes.6.8 Disposable Shoe Covers, optional.7. Pr
33、ocedure7.1 Use one of the following two procedures for collectingsettled dust samples from each sampling location. For wide,3Dufay, S.K., and Archuleta, M., “Comparison of Collection Efficiency ofSampling Methods for Removable Beryllium Surface Contamination”, J. Environ.Monit., Vol. 8, Issue 6, pp.
34、 630633 (2006); DOI 10.1039/b601526n.D7296062flat locations, it is recommended to use the template-assistedsampling procedure (see 7.1.1.2(1). For small locations (forexample, window sill, section of a piece of equipment, orportion of a vehicle interior), it will ordinarily be necessary touse the co
35、nfined-area sampling procedure (see 7.1.1.2(2).NOTE 7Metal contamination problems during field sampling can besevere and may affect subsequent wipe sample analysis results. Contami-nation can be minimized through frequent changing of gloves, use of shoecovers (see 6.8), and regular cleaning of sampl
36、ing equipment withcleaning cloths (see 6.6). Use of disposable shoe covers between differentlocations, and removal of them prior to leaving the sampling site orentering vehicles, can be helpful in minimizing inadvertent transfer ofcontaminated dust from one location to another.7.1.1 Sampling Procedu
37、re:7.1.1.1 Don a pair of clean, powderless, plastic gloves (see6.5 and Note 7).7.1.1.2 Use one of the following three procedures, (1), (2),or (3):(1) Carefully place a clean template on the surface to besampled in a manner that minimizes disturbance of settled dustat the sampling location. Tape the
38、outside edge of the templateto prevent the template from moving during sample collection.(2) Alternatively, mark the defined area to be sampled withadhesive tape (see 6.7) being careful not to disturb the settleddust, and measure the area to be sampled using the measuringtool (see 6.4).(3) When temp
39、lates or tape cannot be used or are imprac-tical, the sampling area may be visually defined based on thesize, shape, geometry, and/or visible landmarks on the surfacebeing sampled or adjacent areas. Templates or rulers used in anon-contact manner can aid in collecting the sample ormeasuring the area
40、 sampled.7.1.1.3 Obtain a dry wipe (see 6.2) and, if there is apossibility for the package containing the wipe to be contami-nated with dust, clean the outside of the package with acleaning cloth (see 6.6).7.1.1.4 Remove the dry wipe from its package, and inspectthe dry wipe to ensure that it is dry
41、 and not contaminated withdust or other material. Discard the dry wipe if it is found to bedamp or contaminated, or both.7.1.1.5 Using an open flat hand with the fingers together,place the dry wipe on the surface to be sampled. Wipe theselected surface area, side to side, in an overlapping “S” or “Z
42、”pattern while applying pressure to the fingertips (refer to Figs.1 and 2). Wipe the surface so that the entire selected surfacearea is covered. Perform the wiping procedure using the fingersand not the palm of the hand.7.1.1.6 Repeat 7.1.1.5 using a different type of dry wipematerial (after selecti
43、ng a different sampling location) if the drywipe originally used significantly changes shape (for example,rolls up by curling) or tears during the wiping process.NOTE 8Some surfaces (for example, rough surfaces) may causecertain wipes to curl up or otherwise significantly change shape during thewipi
44、ng process. A type of wipe that maintains its integrity should beselected for each surface sampled.7.1.1.7 Fold the dry wipe in half with the collected dust sidefolded inward and repeat the preceding wiping procedure (see7.1.1.5) within the selected sampling area using an up anddown overlapping “S”
45、or “Z” pattern at right angles to the firstwiping (see Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Note 9).NOTE 9Dry wipes are folded to envelop the collected dust within thewipe, to avoid loss of the collected dust, and to expose a clean wipesurface for further dust collection from the sampling location. For sampleareas c
46、ontaining large amounts of settled dust, care must be taken duringwiping to capture all of the dust present within the dry wipe.7.1.1.8 Fold the dry wipe in half again with the collecteddust side folded inward and repeat the wiping procedure onemore time, concentrating on collecting settled dust fro
47、m edgesand corners within the selected surface area (see Fig. 1, Fig. 2,and Note 9).7.1.1.9 Fold the dry wipe again with the collected dust sidefolded inward and insert the wipe into a sample container (see6.3).7.1.1.10 Label the sample container with sufficient informa-tion to uniquely and indelibl
48、y identify the sample, and recordthe dimensions (in square centimetres) of the selected samplingarea (that is, the internal dimensions defined by the template orthe taped area). Discard the gloves.7.2 Collect field blanks at a minimum frequency of 5 % (atleast one field blank for every 20 wipe sampl
49、es collected). Theminimum number of field blanks to collect for each batch ofdry wipe material used shall be three. Place field blanks inNOTEOnly the center of the wiping path is shown, not the entire wiping width. a) shows the first “S” wiping pattern over the surface area to besampled; b) demonstrates the second “S” wiping course over the surface; and c) shows the final wiping which is targeted toward edges and corners.FIG. 1 Schematic of a Side-to-Side Overlapping “S” Wiping PatternD7296063sample containers and label these samples in the same fashionas the co
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