1、Designation: D 7316 06Standard Guide forInterpretation of Existing Field Instrumentation to InfluenceEmergency Response Decisions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7316; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The objective of this guide is to provide useful infor-mation for the interpretation of radiologic
3、al instrument re-sponses in the event of a radiological incident or emergency.1.2 For the purposes of this guide, a radiological incident oremergency is defined as those events that follow the indicationof the presence of radioactive material outside of a Departmentof Energy (DOE) or Nuclear Regulat
4、ory Commission (NRC)defined radiological area. The event may be triggered by a lawenforcement officer wearing a radiation pager during the courseof his routine duties, a first responder at the scene of anaccident wearing a radiation pager, a HAZMAT team respond-ing to the scene of an accident known
5、to involve radioactivematerial surveying the area, etc.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
6、 of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials3C 1112 Guide for Application of Radiation Monitors to theControl and Physical Security of Special Nuclear MaterialD 3648 Practices for the Measurement of RadioactivityD
7、4962 Practice for NaI(Tl) Gamma-Ray Spectrometry ofWaterD 7282 Practice for Set-up, Calibration, and Quality Con-trol of Instruments Used for Radioactivity MeasurementsE 170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurementsand DosimetryE 181 Test Methods for Detector Calibration and Analysisof Radionuc
8、lides2.2 Other Documents:U.S. Department of Homeland Security, National ResponsePlan, Nuclear/Radiological Incident Annex3. Terminology3.1 See Terminology C 859 for terms related to nuclearmaterials and Terminology E 170 for terms related to radiationmeasurements and dosimetry.3.2 Definitions of Ter
9、ms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 alpha particle (a), nparticle consisting of twoprotons and two neutrons emitted from the nucleus of an atomduring radioactive decay.3.2.2 beta particle (b), nelectron or positron emitted fromthe nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay.3.2.3 gamma ray (g), nphot
10、on emitted from the nucleusof an atom during radioactive decay.3.2.4 Geiger-Mueller (GM), na type of radiation detectorwith sensitivity to grays and a and b particles.3.2.5 national response plan (NRP), na publication by theUS Department of Homeland Security which details actions tobe taken, with ap
11、propriate responsibilities and authorities, inthe event of a national-scale emergency.3.2.6 naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM),nradioactive materials which occur in nature, often concen-trated by an industrial or chemical process.3.2.6.1 DiscussionNORM includes uranium (U) and tho-rium
12、 (Th) and their decay products as well as potassium-40(40K). U and Th are often found in earthen products and40Kisoften found in agricultural products.3.2.7 neutron, nuncharged particle emitted during fissionof an atomic nucleus.3.2.8 radiological emergency, nan event which representsa significant t
13、hreat to workers and the public due to the releaseor potential release of significant quantities of radioactivematerial.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.04 on Methods of RadiochemicalAnalysis.Current edition appr
14、oved Dec. 15, 2006. Published January 2007.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyri
15、ght ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.9 radiological incident, nan unplanned event involv-ing radiation or radioactive materials.3.2.10 special nuclear material (SNM), nplutonium,uranium-233, or uranium enriched in the isotope
16、s uranium-233or uranium-235 (USA definition).3.2.11 turn-back limit, na condition or set of conditions,which if met, require that the investigation cease and personnelinvolved in the investigation withdraw from the area to apredetermined “safe” location.3.2.11.1 DiscussionIt is the responsibility of
17、 the users ofthis guide to establish both the turn-back limit and withdrawallocation, if appropriate.3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 CsIcesium iodide, a scintillation detector materialused to detect gamma and X-ray radiation.3.3.23Hehelium-3, used as a pressurized gas in neutrondetection systems.3.3.3 HPGeh
18、igh purity germanium, a semiconductor ma-terial used in high resolution gray spectrometry.3.3.3.1 DiscussionA detection system using high puritygermanium may be necessary for positive nuclide identifica-tion.3.3.4 LiIlithium iodide, scintillation detector materialused to detect neutron radiation.3.3
19、.5 NaIsodium iodide, a scintillation detector materialused to detect gamma and X-ray radiation.3.4 Acronyms:3.4.1 HHRID or RID, nhand-held radio-isotope identi-fier.4. Summary of GuideThe primary purpose of the guide is to enable first responseorganizations to properly implement protective actions f
20、orthemselves and the public. This guide offers a decision-treeapproach to the interpretation of radiological instrument re-sponses, plus actions which may be taken with various instru-ment types, to evaluate the presence of certain types ofradioactive materials before, during, or after a radiologica
21、lincident or emergency. This information may be useful infurther emergency or incident response activities. This guide isbelieved to be most effective when combined with specifictraining for each emergency response organization, as equip-ment availability and response scenarios have a significantimp
22、act on the decision process.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is intended for use by field personnel for therapid evaluation of the presence of and type of radioactivematerials, based on information obtained from available fieldinstrumentation. Guidance is offered for actions which may betaken t
23、o better understand the instrument indications forvarious scenarios, and guidance is offered for personnel pro-tection and consultation with additional appropriate authorities.5.2 This guide does not include policy or procedures forradiation health protection. Such policy and procedures aredetermine
24、d locally by the organization(s) involved (site, city,county, state, federal). The policies and procedures may varybetween organizations and may be dependent on the type ofradiological incident. Users of this guide should be familiarwith the policies of their local organizations.6. Hazards6.1 Turn-b
25、ack limits and actions should be established priorto any type of investigation. These limits should be strictlyadhered to by all personnel.6.2 The vendor supplied safety instructions and organiza-tional safety regulations should be consulted before usingelectronic and electrical equipment.7. Equipme
26、nt7.1 There are many portable radiation instrument types thatcan passively or actively be used to evaluate the presence ofradioactive materials. For the purposes of this guide they areloosely defined as:7.1.1 Radiation pagerstypically worn on the person to actas a personal warning device, giving the
27、 wearer an indicationof relative or actual dose rate as compared to establishedbackground levels. All known radiation pagers provide infor-mation about the level of g-radiation, and many also provideinformation about the level of neutron radiation. They aretypically used in a passive mode and worn o
28、n the outer layer ofclothing.7.1.2 Count rate meters (survey meters)typically hand-held, which provides the user an indication of counts persecond or counts per minute of radiation being measured by thedevice. Instruments may be sensitive to a, b, g, or neutronradiation, or a combination thereof.7.1
29、.3 RIDa device typically containing a CsI or NaIscintillation detector and associated software to make a pre-liminary identification of the source of gamma radiation. Someunits use an HPGe detector for high resolution spectrometricanalysis.7.1.4 Fig. 1 describes the radiation-type detection capabili
30、tyof some radiation pagers based on the materials used fordetection.7.1.5 Fig. 2 describes the radiation-type detection capabilityof some hand-held radiation instruments based on the materialsused for detection.7.2 For a more complete discussion of radiation detectionequipment, its operation and cal
31、ibration, refer to PracticesD 3648, Test Methods E 181, Practice D 4962, Guide C 1112,Practice D 7282, or a combination thereof.8. Calibration and Response Checks8.1 Calibration is performed by qualified individuals, usu-ally on an annual basis. This may require instruments to bereturned to the manu
32、facturer or other qualified service unit.Operating procedures for the instruments should indicate thecalibration frequency and a method for users to confirm that aninstrument is in calibration prior to use.8.2 Response checks should be performed by the user priorto deployment of the instrument. The
33、two checks which shouldbe performed are a background check and a source check.RIDs may also be subjected to an identification confirmationcheck.8.2.1 Background checkonce the instrument has beenturned on and has completed any start up processes, the dose orD7316062count rate reading should be compar
34、ed to normal background.Standard operating procedures should state where this check isperformed and what the expected background for this locationis. Instruments found to read significantly above or below thenormal values should not be used and should be submitted fordiagnostic testing and repair.8.
35、2.2 Source checkonce the background check is com-pleted, a radioactive source should be used to verify theresponse. Radioactive sources may be commercial sealedsources or NORM. Standard operating procedures shouldindicate the source material to be used, the distance from thedetector and the count ra
36、te or dose rate expected for thatsource, as well as an acceptance range for the instrumentresponse. Instruments found to read outside the acceptancerange should not be used and should be submitted for diagnos-tic testing and repair.8.2.3 RID identification checkonce the background andsource check ar
37、e completed, a source of known radioactivematerial may be used to confirm the RID identificationsoftware is calibrated and functioning properly. The checksource must include an isotope or isotopes which are includedin the identifier library. Standard operating procedures shouldindicate what material
38、 to use for this check, and what theexpected identification should be. If the RID does not correctlyidentify the known material, perform the calibration stepsagain (if applicable) and retry the identification. If the instru-ment still will not correctly identify the known material itshould be not be
39、 used and should be submitted for diagnostictesting and repair.9. Guidance9.1 The following decision-tree flow charts provide guid-ance on the interpretation of instrument responses and subse-quent actions.9.2 Fig. 3 describes the actions to be taken upon receipt ofan alarm from a radiation pager.9.
40、2.1 Return to a low-background area to reset or clear thealarm. If you cannot clear the alarm consider the possibilitythat you may have become contaminated by the source. Warnothers and seek additional assistance.9.2.2 Each organization should provide limits, either doserate, count rate, or intensit
41、y level-based, for which theirFIG. 1 Simple Chart of Pager Detection CapabilitiesFIG. 2 Simple Chart of Radiation Instrument Detection CapabilitiesD7316063personnel can continue to resolve an unknown radiationsource, or for when they need to call for additional assistance.Limits should also be set r
42、egarding when notification of otheragencies (e.g., state or federal response units) is required (seeFig. 4).49.3 Once an alarm is determined to be valid, and it is safe tocontinue (i.e., organization limits have not been exceeded),continue to try to localize the source of radiation by followingFig.
43、5.9.4 Fig. 6 describes the decision tree to investigate thecontents of a vehicle, vessel, or container.9.4.1 License exempt quantities of radioactive material donot require the use of placards, or to be listed on a shippingmanifest. However, they should indicate the type of radioactivematerial prese
44、nt and the DOT exemption they fall under whenin transport.9.4.2 NORM will not be listed as radioactive on anyshipping documents. The pager alarms will often be low-leveland isotope identification will be difficult. Some examples ofNORM are shown in Table 1.59.4.3 Medical and industrial isotopes shou
45、ld be properlycontained and marked for shipment per DOT regulations.Some examples of medical isotopes are shown in Table 2.69.5 If the localization indicates a person is the source ofradiation, see Fig. 7.9.6 If the pager or other survey instruments indicate thepresence of neutrons, see Fig. 8.9.7 T
46、o check for loose or removable contamination (trans-ferable contamination) survey the bottom of your shoes onceyou are in an area that your pager or other detection instru-mentation indicates is near background. If the bottom of yourshoes causes the dose or count rate to rise, transferablecontaminat
47、ion may be present.Alternatively, use a paper towelor other material to wipe a suspect area (e.g., the ground orother horizontal surface in the suspect area). Try to move to anarea where your instrument no longer alarms and then place thewipe near the detector. It the detector alarms or shows anincr
48、eased count or dose rate, transferable contamination maybe present. (WarningIf you cannot move away from thecontamination, consider the possibility that you have becomecontaminated and call for assistance.)9.7.1 If radioactive material has been spread about and isloose or transferable, secure area a
49、nd call for radiologicalresponse personnele.g., DOE Radiological Assistance Pro-gram (RAP), HAZMAT, Civil Support Teams (CST). Refer tothe Nuclear/Radiological Incident Annex of the National Re-sponse Plan as appropriate.9.8 If suitable instrumentation is available, a typical, thor-ough identification would follow the process outlined asfollows:1. Alarm or notification by pager, portal, or other screening device.2. Search and preliminary identification with conventional health phys-ics instrumentation or low resolution spectroscopy equipment.3. Positive
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