1、Designation: D7316 14Standard Guide forInterpretation of Existing Field Instrumentation to InfluenceEmergency Response Decisions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7316; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The objective of this guide is to provide useful infor-mation for the interpretation of radiological
3、instrument re-sponses in the event of a radiological incident or emergency.1.2 For the purposes of this guide, a radiological incident oremergency is defined as those events that follow the indicationof the presence of radioactive material outside of a Departmentof Energy (DOE) or Nuclear Regulatory
4、 Commission (NRC)defined radiological area. The event may be triggered by a lawenforcement officer wearing a radiation pager during the courseof his routine duties, a first responder at the scene of anaccident wearing a radiation pager, a HAZMAT team respond-ing to the scene of an accident known to
5、involve radioactivematerial surveying the area, etc.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsib
6、ility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsC1112 Guide for Application of Radiation Monitors
7、to theControl and Physical Security of Special Nuclear Material(Withdrawn 2014)3D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD3648 Practices for the Measurement of RadioactivityD4962 Practice for NaI(Tl) Gamma-Ray Spectrometry ofWaterD7282 Practice for Set-up, Calibration, and Quality Controlof Instruments Us
8、ed for Radioactivity MeasurementsE170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements andDosimetryE181 Test Methods for Detector Calibration and Analysis ofRadionuclides2.2 Other Documents:U.S. Department of Homeland Security National ResponsePlan, Nuclear/Radiological Incident Annex3. Terminology3.1
9、 DefinitionsSee Terminology C859 for terms related tonuclear materials, Terminology E170 for terms related toradiation measurements and dosimetry, and TerminologyD1129 for terms related to water.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 alpha particle (), nparticle consisting of two p
10、ro-tons and two neutrons emitted from the nucleus of an atomduring radioactive decay.3.2.2 beta particle (), nelectron or positron emitted fromthe nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay.3.2.3 gamma ray (), nphoton emitted from the nucleus ofan atom during radioactive decay.3.2.4 Geiger-Mueller
11、(GM), na type of radiation detectorwith sensitivity to rays and and particles.3.2.5 national response plan (NRP), na publication by theUS Department of Homeland Security which details actions tobe taken, with appropriate responsibilities and authorities, inthe event of a national-scale emergency.3.2
12、.6 naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM),nradioactive materials which occur in nature, often concen-trated by an industrial or chemical process.3.2.6.1 DiscussionNORM includes uranium (U) and tho-rium (Th) and their decay products as well as potassium-40(40K). U and Th are often found in
13、earthen products and40Kisoften found in agricultural products.3.2.7 neutron, nuncharged particle emitted during fissionof an atomic nucleus.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.04 on Methods of RadiochemicalAnalysis.
14、Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originallyapproved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D7316 06. DOI:10.1520/D7316-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Bo
15、ok of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United State
16、s13.2.8 radiological emergency, nan event which representsa significant threat to workers and the public due to the releaseor potential release of significant quantities of radioactivematerial.3.2.9 radiological incident, nan unplanned event involv-ing radiation or radioactive materials.3.2.10 speci
17、al nuclear material (SNM), nplutonium,uranium-233, or uranium enriched in the isotopes uranium-233or uranium-235 (USA definition).3.2.11 turn-back limit, na condition or set of conditions,which if met, require that the investigation cease and personnelinvolved in the investigation withdraw from the
18、area to apredetermined “safe” location.3.2.11.1 DiscussionIt is the responsibility of the users ofthis guide to establish both the turn-back limit and withdrawallocation, if appropriate.3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 CsIcesium iodide, a scintillation detector materialused to detect gamma and X-ray radiatio
19、n.3.3.23Hehelium-3, used as a pressurized gas in neutrondetection systems.3.3.3 HPGehigh purity germanium, a semiconductor ma-terial used in high resolution ray spectrometry.3.3.3.1 DiscussionA detection system using high puritygermanium may be necessary for positive nuclide identifica-tion.3.3.4 Li
20、Ilithium iodide, scintillation detector materialused to detect neutron radiation.3.3.5 NaIsodium iodide, a scintillation detector materialused to detect gamma and X-ray radiation.3.4 Acronyms:3.4.1 HHRID or RID, nhand-held radio-isotope identi-fier.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The primary purpose of the g
21、uide is to enable firstresponse organizations to properly implement protective ac-tions for themselves and the public. This guide offers adecision-tree approach to the interpretation of radiologicalinstrument responses, plus actions which may be taken withvarious instrument types, to evaluate the pr
22、esence of certaintypes of radioactive materials before, during, or after a radio-logical incident or emergency. This information may be usefulin further emergency or incident response activities. This guideis believed to be most effective when combined with specifictraining for each emergency respon
23、se organization, as equip-ment availability and response scenarios have a significantimpact on the decision process.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is intended for use by field personnel for therapid evaluation of the presence of and type of radioactivematerials, based on information obtained
24、from available fieldinstrumentation. Guidance is offered for actions which may betaken to better understand the instrument indications forvarious scenarios, and guidance is offered for personnel pro-tection and consultation with additional appropriate authorities.5.2 This guide does not include poli
25、cy or procedures forradiation health protection. Such policy and procedures aredetermined locally by the organization(s) involved (site, city,county, state, federal). The policies and procedures may varybetween organizations and may be dependent on the type ofradiological incident. Users of this gui
26、de should be familiarwith the policies of their local organizations.6. Hazards6.1 Turn-back limits and actions should be established priorto any type of investigation. These limits should be strictlyadhered to by all personnel.6.2 The vendor supplied safety instructions and organiza-tional safety re
27、gulations should be consulted before usingelectronic and electrical equipment.7. Equipment7.1 There are many portable radiation instrument types thatcan passively or actively be used to evaluate the presence ofradioactive materials. For the purposes of this guide they areloosely defined as:7.1.1 Rad
28、iation PagersTypically worn on the person toact as a personal warning device, giving the wearer anindication of relative or actual dose rate as compared toestablished background levels. All known radiation pagersprovide information about the level of -radiation, and manyalso provide information abou
29、t the level of neutron radiation.They are typically used in a passive mode and worn on theouter layer of clothing.7.1.2 Count Rate Meters (Survey Meters)Typically hand-held, which provides the user an indication of counts persecond or counts per minute of radiation being measured by thedevice. Instr
30、uments may be sensitive to , , , or neutronradiation, or a combination thereof.7.1.3 RIDA device typically containing a CsI or NaIscintillation detector and associated software to make a pre-liminary identification of the source of gamma radiation. Someunits use an HPGe detector for high resolution
31、spectrometricanalysis.7.1.4 Fig. 1 describes the radiation-type detection capabilityof some radiation pagers based on the materials used fordetection.7.1.5 Fig. 2 describes the radiation-type detection capabilityof some hand-held radiation instruments based on the materialsused for detection.7.2 For
32、 a more complete discussion of radiation detectionequipment, its operation and calibration, refer to PracticesD3648, Test Methods E181, Practice D4962, Guide C1112,Practice D7282, or a combination thereof.8. Calibration and Response Checks8.1 Calibration is performed by qualified individuals, usu-al
33、ly on an annual basis. This may require instruments to bereturned to the manufacturer or other qualified service unit.Operating procedures for the instruments should indicate theD7316 142calibration frequency and a method for users to confirm that aninstrument is in calibration prior to use.8.2 Resp
34、onse checks should be performed by the user priorto deployment of the instrument. The two checks which shouldbe performed are a background check and a source check.RIDs may also be subjected to an identification confirmationcheck.8.2.1 Background CheckOnce the instrument has beenturned on and has co
35、mpleted any start up processes, the dose orcount rate reading should be compared to normal background.Standard operating procedures should state where this check isperformed and what the expected background for this locationis. Instruments found to read significantly above or below thenormal values
36、should not be used and should be submitted fordiagnostic testing and repair.8.2.2 Source CheckOnce the background check iscompleted, a radioactive source should be used to verify theresponse. Radioactive sources may be commercial sealedsources or NORM. Standard operating procedures shouldindicate th
37、e source material to be used, the distance from thedetector and the count rate or dose rate expected for thatsource, as well as an acceptance range for the instrumentresponse. Instruments found to read outside the acceptancerange should not be used and should be submitted for diagnos-tic testing and
38、 repair.8.2.3 RID Identification CheckOnce the background andsource check are completed, a source of known radioactivematerial may be used to confirm the RID identificationsoftware is calibrated and functioning properly. The checksource must include an isotope or isotopes which are includedin the id
39、entifier library. Standard operating procedures shouldindicate what material to use for this check, and what theexpected identification should be. If the RID does not correctlyidentify the known material, perform the calibration stepsagain (if applicable) and retry the identification. If the instru-
40、ment still will not correctly identify the known material itshould be not be used and should be submitted for diagnostictesting and repair.FIG. 1 Simple Chart of Pager Detection CapabilitiesFIG. 2 Simple Chart of Radiation Instrument Detection CapabilitiesD7316 1439. Guidance9.1 The following decisi
41、on-tree flow charts provide guid-ance on the interpretation of instrument responses and subse-quent actions.9.2 Fig. 3 describes the actions to be taken upon receipt ofan alarm from a radiation pager.9.2.1 Return to a low-background area to reset or clear thealarm. If you cannot clear the alarm cons
42、ider the possibilitythat you may have become contaminated by the source. Warnothers and seek additional assistance.9.2.2 Each organization should provide limits, either doserate, count rate, or intensity level-based, for which theirpersonnel can continue to resolve an unknown radiationsource, or for
43、 when they need to call for additional assistance.Limits should also be set regarding when notification of otheragencies (for example, state or federal response units) isrequired (see Fig. 4).49.3 Once an alarm is determined to be valid, and it is safe tocontinue (that is, organization limits have n
44、ot been exceeded),continue to try to localize the source of radiation by followingFig. 5.9.4 Fig. 6 describes the decision tree to investigate thecontents of a vehicle, vessel, or container.9.4.1 License exempt quantities of radioactive material donot require the use of placards, or to be listed on
45、a shippingmanifest. However, they should indicate the type of radioactivematerial present and the DOT exemption they fall under whenin transport.9.4.2 NORM will not be listed as radioactive on anyshipping documents. The pager alarms will often be low-leveland isotope identification will be difficult
46、. Some examples ofNORM are shown in Table 1.59.4.3 Medical and industrial isotopes should be properlycontained and marked for shipment in accordance with DOTregulations. Some examples of medical isotopes are shown inTable 2.69.5 If the localization indicates a person is the source ofradiation, see F
47、ig. 7.9.6 If the pager or other survey instruments indicate thepresence of neutrons, see Fig. 8.9.7 To check for loose or removable contamination (trans-ferable contamination) survey the bottom of your shoes onceyou are in an area that your pager or other detection instru-mentation indicates is near
48、 background. If the bottom of yourshoes causes the dose or count rate to rise, transferablecontamination may be present.Alternatively, use a paper towelor other material to wipe a suspect area (for example, theground or other horizontal surface in the suspect area). Try tomove to an area where your
49、instrument no longer alarms andthen place the wipe near the detector. It the detector alarms orshows an increased count or dose rate, transferable contami-nation may be present. (WarningIf you cannot move awayfrom the contamination, consider the possibility that you havebecome contaminated and call for assistance.)9.7.1 If radioactive material has been spread about and isloose or transferable, secure area and call for radiologicalresponse personnelfor example, DOE Radiological Assis-tance Program (RAP), HAZMAT, Civil Support Teams (CST
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