1、Designation: D7407 07 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Guide for DeterminingThe Transmission of Gases Through Geomembranes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is used as a discussion of the relevancy ofseveral methods to obtain the vapor transmission of geomem-b
3、ranes.1.2 This guide discusses applicable test methods, test mate-rials and conditions.1.3 The guide assumes the material being measured exhibitsFickian behavior.1.4 This guide does not purport to critique barrier systempermeability,1.5 The guide does not address transmission through seams,1.6 This
4、standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.
5、1 ASTM Standards:2D1434 Test Method for Determining Gas PermeabilityCharacteristics of Plastic Film and SheetingD3985 Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission RateThrough Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a CoulometricSensorD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsE96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transm
6、ission ofMaterialsF1249 Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission RateThrough Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a ModulatedInfrared SensorF1769 Test Method for Measurement of Diffusivity, Solu-bility, and Permeability of Organic Vapor Barriers Using aFlame Ionization Detector3F1927 Test Method for Dete
7、rmination of Oxygen GasTransmission Rate, Permeability and Permeance at Con-trolled Relative Humidity Through Barrier Materials Usinga Coulometric Detector3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions of terms applying to this test methodappear in Terminology D44393.1.2 atmosphere for testing geos
8、ynthetics, nair main-tained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and atemperature of 21 6 2C (70 6 4F).4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide gives commentary as to the relevancy ofseveral methods to obtain Fickian diffusion through a geomem-brane. The tests evaluate gas and vapor transfer throughse
9、mi-permeable and permeable geomembranes. The data isimportant for design of containment systems.5. D1434 Test Method for Determining Gas PermeabilityCharacteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting5.1 This test method covers the estimation of the steady-state rate of transmission of a gas through plasti
10、cs in the formof film, sheeting, laminates, and plastic-coated papers orfabrics. This test method provides for the determination of (1)gas transmission rate (GTR), (2) permeance, and, in the case ofhomogeneous materials, (3) permeability.5.2 Two procedures are provided: M Manometric and VVolumetric.
11、5.3 This is an old test which relies of the physical measure-ment of gas through a geomembrane with respect to log time.This test has poor accuracy and takes a very long time.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D
12、35.10 on Geomembranes.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2012. Published January 2012. DOI: 10.1520/D7407-07R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the st
13、andards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. D3985 Test Method for Oxygen Gas Trans
14、missionRate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using aCoulometric Sensor6.1 This test method covers a procedure for determinationof the steady-state rate of transmission of oxygen gas throughplastics in the form of film, sheeting, laminates, coextrusions,or plastic-coated papers or fabrics. It provid
15、es for the determi-nation of (1) oxygen gas transmission rate (O2GTR), (2) thepermeance of the film to oxygen gas (PO2), and ( 3) oxygenpermeability coefficient (PO2) in the case of homogeneousmaterials. 7.2 7.36.2 This test method does not purport to be the only methodfor measurement of O2GTR. Ther
16、e may be other methods ofO2GTR determination that use other oxygen sensors andprocedures.6.3 This method is used in the food packaging industry wereplastic films rather than sheet are used. The method looks atoxygen transmission exclusively. Although interesting for foodapplications, results from th
17、is method may not correlate well togeomembrane performance in other non-food containmentapplications.7. E96/E96M Standard Test Methods for Water VaporTransmission of Materials7.1 These test methods cover the determination of watervapor transmission (WVT) of materials through which thepassage of wate
18、r vapor may be of importance, such as paper,plastic films, other sheet materials, fiberboards, gypsum andplaster products, wood products, and plastics. The test methodsare limited to specimens not over 1.25 in. (32 mm) inthickness. Two basic methods, the Desiccant Method and theWater Method, are pro
19、vided for the measurement of per-meance, and two variations include service conditions with oneside wetted and service conditions with low humidity on oneside and high humidity on the other. Agreement should not beexpected between results obtained by different methods. Themethod should be selected t
20、hat more nearly approaches theconditions of use.7.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedseparately as the standard. Within the text, the SI units areshown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are notexact equivalents; therefore each system must be used inde-pendently
21、of the other. Combining values from two systemswill result in non-conformance with the standard. Howeverderived results can be converted from one system to otherusing appropriate conversion factors (see Table 1).7.3 A cup is filled with distilled water leaving a small gap(0.759 to 0.259) of air spac
22、e between the specimen and thewater. The cup is then sealed to prevent vapor loss exceptthrough the test sample. An initial weight is taken of theapparatus and then periodically weighed over time until resultsbecome linear. Caution must be used to assure that all weightloss is due to water vapor tra
23、nsmission through the specimen.7.4 For geomembrane: inverted cup technique is generallyconducted with water. Standard conditions are 50 % relativehumidity and 23 deg Celsius. The problem with the test is twofold, a) the mass loss is very small over time compared to themass of the apparatus being mea
24、sured and b) the seal of theapparatus to the geomembrane needs to be less permeable thanthe geomembrane itself. This second point is difficult toaccomplish for geomembranes greater than 20 mil thickness.8. F1249 Standard Test Method for Water VaporTransmission Rate Through Plastic Film and SheetingU
25、sing a Modulated Infrared Sensor8.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining therate of water vapor transmission through flexible barriermaterials. The method is applicable to sheets and films up to 3mm (0.1 in.) in thickness, consisting of single or multilayersynthetic or natural polymer
26、s and foils, including coatedmaterials. It provides for the determination of ( 1) water vaportransmission rate (WVTR), (2) the permeance of the film towater vapor, and (3) for homogeneous materials, water vaporpermeability coefficient.8.2 Values for water vapor permeance and water vaporpermeability
27、must be used with caution. The inverse relation-ship of WVTR to thickness and the direct relationship ofWVTR to the partial pressure differential of water vapor maynot always apply.8.3 This is a good test for geomembranes unfortunately thedevice used for the method is proprietary.8.4 Like many of th
28、e methods critiqued, sealing issues ofthe device to the geomembrane exist.8.5 This high end test is sophisticated and relinquishesresults quickly.9. F1769 Standard Test Method for Measurement ofDiffusivity, Solubility, and Permeability of OrganicVapor Barriers Using a Flame Ionization Detector9.1 Th
29、is test method covers the measurement of volatileorganic-vapor-barrier properties of films, plastic sheeting,coated papers, and laminates. The specific material propertiesmeasured include diffusivity, solubility, and permeability coef-ficients; parameter values which are required for the solution of
30、mass transfer problems associated with nonsteady state andsteady state conditions.TABLE 1 Grouping of Test Methods for measuring GasTransmission with Respect to ApplicationASTM Method Oxygen OTRM Vapor MVTR Volatile Organic OTM MethaneD1434 yes no no yesD3985 yes no no noE96/E96M no yes no noF1249 y
31、es no no noF1769 no no yes yesF1927 yes no no noD7407 07 (2012)29.2 Applicable test vapors include volatile organic com-pounds which are detectable by a flame ionization detector.Examples of applicable permeation compounds include sol-vents, organic film additives, flavor compounds, and aromacompoun
32、ds.9.3 This test method assumes the material being measuredexhibits Fickian behavior and uses the solutions to Ficks Lawsfor a planar surface as the data regression model.9.4 This high end test that yields breakthrough time understeady state conditions. The accuracy of the test is an order ofmagnitu
33、de better than Test Method D1434. However, there iscurrently only one commercial manufacturer of this equipment.10. F1927 Test Method for Determination of Oxygen GasTransmission Rate, Permeability and Permeance atControlled Relative Humidity Through BarrierMaterials Using a Coulometric Detector10.1
34、This test method covers a procedure for determinationof the rate of transmission of oxygen gas, at steady-state, at agiven temperature and %RH level, through film, sheeting,laminates, co-extrusions, or plastic-coated papers or fabrics.This test method extends the common practice dealing withzero hum
35、idity or, at best, an assumed humidity. Humidity playsan important role in the oxygen gas transmission rate (O2GTR)of many materials. This test method provides for the determi-nation of oxygen gas transmission rate (O2GTR), the per-meance of the film to oxygen gas (PO2), and oxygen perme-ability coe
36、fficient (PO2) in the case of homogeneousmaterials at given temperature and %RH levels(s).10.2 Oxygen is held on one side of the geomembrane whileNitrogen is held on the other. Specimen is in a controlledhumidity which is advantages for EVOH and Nylon.11. Keywords11.1 diffusion; geomembrane; film; p
37、ermeability; per-meance; sheet; transmissionD7407 07 (2012)3APPENDIXX1. Examples Showing the Conversion of Permeance to Permeability of a GeomembraneX1.1 Water-Vapor Transmission. Since nothing isabsolutely impermeable, the assessment of the relativeimpermeability of geomembranes is an often discuss
38、edissue. The discussion is placed along with physicalproperties for want of a better location. The test itselfcould use an adapted form of a geotechnicalengineering test using water as the permeant; however,this would be impractical. In such a case, the hydraulicheads required are so great that leak
39、s or failedspecimens invariably result. At lower heads, long testtimes leading to evaporation problems become a majorobstacle. Instead, a completely different approach istaken whereby water vapor is used as the permeantand diffusion is the fundamental mechanism ofpermeation. In the water-vapor trans
40、mission (WVT)test, a test specimen is sealed over an aluminum cupwith either water or a desiccant in it and a controlledrelative humidity difference across the geomembraneboundary is maintained. The ASTM test method iscovered under E96. With water in the cup (i.e., 100%relative humidity) and a lower
41、 relative humidityoutside of it, a weight loss over time can bemonitored. The required test time varies, but it isusually from 3 to 40 days. Water vapor transmission,permeance, and (diffusion) permeability are thencalculated, as shown in Example 1 and 2.X1.2 Example 1 Calculate the WVT, permeance, a
42、nd(diffusion) permeability of a 0.75 mm thick fPPgeomembrane of area 0.003 m2, and a forty daymass change of 0.216 g at an 80% relative-humiditydifference while being maintained at a temperatureof 30C. Solution: Calculations proceed in stages asfollows.(a) Find the water vapor transmission:WVT5g 3 2
43、4t 3 awhere:g = weight change (g),t = time interval (h), anda = area of specimen (m2).WVT 50.216!24!40!24!0.003!5 1.80 g/m22 day(b) The permeance is given as:permeance 5WVTDP2WVTS R12 R2!where:DP = vapor pressure difference across membrane (mmHg),S = saturation vapor pressure at test temperature (mm
44、Hg),R1= relative humidity within cup, andR2= relative humidity outside cup (in environmentalchamber).permeance 5180321.00 2 0.20!5 0.0703 metric perm(c) (Diffusion) permeability = permeance 3 thickness =(0.0703)(0.75) = 0.0527 metric perm-mmNOTE X1.1This is a vapor-diffusion permeability following F
45、ickiandiffusion and not the customary Darcian permeability as seen in thefollowing example. This is bad science, mixing the two theories istechnically undependable however, after numerous request we haveillustrated it below in Example 2.X1.3 Example 2 Using the information and data fromExample 1, ca
46、lculate an equivalent hydraulicpermeability (i.e., a Darcian permeability, or hydraulicconductivity) of the geomembrane as is customarilymeasured in a geotechnical engineering test on claysoils. ,Solution: The parallel theories areDarcys formula for hydraulic permeability, q = kiA,qScm3sD 5 k ScmsDD
47、hD1Scm H2Ocm soilD Acm2!and the WVT test for Fickian diffusion permeability,flowScm3sD5 kScm3cm22 s 2 cm 2 H2O/cm linerDpressureSDcm H2Ocm linerDAcm2!Thus we must now modify the data used in Example 5.1 into the properunits.WVT 5 1.80gm2 day11024!24!60!60!5 2.08 3 1029gcm2 spermeance5WVTDP5WVTSR1 R2
48、!52.08 3 1029321.00 0.20!5 0.812 3 10210gcm2 s mm Hgpermeability5 permeance 3 liner thickness5 0.812 3 102100.075!5 0.609 3 10211gcm2 s mm Hg/cm liner5 6.09 3 10211gcm2 s cm Hg/cm linerD7407 07 (2012)4In terms of water pressure,hydraulic conductivity5 6.09 3 10211gcm2 s cm Hgcm liner13.6watermercury
49、5 0.448 3 10211gcm2 s cm watercm liner gNow using the density of water,hydraulic conductivity5 0.448 3 10211gcm2 s cm watercm liner1.0gcm3and canceling the units out, we get a comparable Darcian k-value for thegeomembrane ofk 5 0.5 3 10211cm/sor0.5 3 10213 m/sNOTE X1.2It should be mentioned, however, that the above describedtest method is extremely difficult to conduct for thick geomembranes andparticularly for HDPE since its WVT values are so low. The least amountof leakage around the test specimen-to-container seal will greatly dist
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