1、Designation: D7466 10Standard Test Method forMeasuring Asperity Height of Textured Geomembranes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7466; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure to measure theasperity height of textured geomembranes.1.2 This test method does not provide for m
3、easurement ofthe spacing between the asperities nor of the complete profileof the textured surface.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and healt
4、h practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5994 Test Method for Measuring Core Thickness ofTextured GeomembraneE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Met
5、hodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE2554 Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncer-tainty of Test Results of a Test Method in a SingleLaboratory Using a Control Sample Program3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other terms used
6、 in this test method,refer to Terminology D4439.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 asperity, nthe individual projections of polyethyl-ene that extend above the core surface of a textured geomem-brane resulting in the textured surface profile.3.2.2 core thickness, nthe average thickness of a texturedgeomembrane a
7、s measured using Test Method D5994.3.2.3 geomembrane, nan essentially impermeable geo-synthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets. D44393.2.4 setting block, nthe component part of a depth gaugethat rests on top of the asperities.3.2.5 thickness, n the perpendicular distance between onesurface
8、 and its opposite.3.2.6 thickness gauge contact point, nthe tip of a thick-ness gauge which contacts the base sheet of the geomembranesurface.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The asperity height of a textured geomembrane ismeasured with a depth gauge, the setting block of which restson the top of the as
9、perities while the contact point extends tothe sheets core surface.4.2 The asperity height of a textured geomembrane iscalculated as the average value of ten (10) individual measure-ments taken across the roll width of the sample under investi-gation.5. Significance and Use5.1 The asperity height is
10、 an index property used to quantifyone of the physical attributes related to the surface roughnessof textured geomembranes.5.2 This test method is applicable to all currently availabletextured geomembranes that are deployed as manufacturedgeomembrane sheets.6. Apparatus6.1 Depth GaugeThe depth gauge
11、 shall consist of threecomponents that conform the requirements of this section; adial indicator, a setting block and a contact point with exten-sion.6.1.1 Dial Indicatorcapable of measuring to depth of atleast 2.5 mm (0.10 in.) with an accuracy of 60.025 mm(0.001 in.).6.1.2 Setting Blockthe setting
12、 block shall have a basedimension of 50 mm to 63.5 mm long by 20 mm to 12.7 mmwide (2.0 in. to 2.5 in long by 0.75 in. to 0.50 in wide) and aheight of 15 mm (0.60 in.)6.1.3 Contact Point with ExtensionThe contact point is1.3 mm (0.051 in.) in diameter with the tip tapered to a point.An extension of
13、approximately 17 mm (0.66 in.) is required toachieve the necessary travel beyond the base surface of the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-branes.Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Pu
14、blished September 2010. Originallyapproved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7466-08. DOI:10.1520/D7466-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
15、refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.setting block. The contact point should protrude at least 10 mmbelow the setting block when not in use in order to ensure
16、 thata competent “zero” setting is achieved. See Figs. 1-3.6.1.4 The mass of the depth gauge fully assembled with thedial indicator, setting block, contact point with extensionshould not exceed 300 g.7. Sampling7.1 SampleFor the sample, take a full width sample atleast 75-mm (3-in.) wide. Exclude th
17、e inner and outer wraps ofthe roll or any material not representative of the sample. Eitherthe entire strip may be tested or individual test specimens maybe taken from this sample, with a minimum diameter of 75 mm(3 in.), spaced such that a total of ten (10) asperity heightdeterminations will be mad
18、e approximately evenly across thesample.7.2 Sample LabelingFor textured geomembrane samplesthat are textured on both sides, identify one surface as “SideA”and the other as “Side B”. Side A should correspond to theoutside surface of the product when on the parent roll, and SideB the inside surface wh
19、enever this relationship is known.8. Conditioning and Testing8.1 Bring the specimens to temperature equilibrium at 21 62C (70 6 4F) and at a relative humidity of 60 6 10 %.9. Procedure9.1 Test the conditioned specimens in the standard labora-tory atmosphere specified in 8.1.9.2 Place the depth gauge
20、 on a flat, rigid supporting surfaceto zero the contact point with the bottom of the setting block.9.3 Place the geomembrane specimen being tested on a flat,rigid, supporting surface being vigilant to keep the specimenflat for the measurements. For two side textured geomem-branes, measure the asperi
21、ty height of Side A first.9.4 Place the depth gauge on the surface of the texturedgeomembrane specimen, with the long axis of the setting blockperpendicular to the machine direction of the roll. Do not toapply downward hand pressure on the gauge as this wouldcompress the asperities under the setting
22、 block. Allow thecontact point to come into contact with the “low spots” or“valleys,” in between the asperities, or into the indentations, ofthe textured surface(s). Move the depth gauge slightly on thetest specimen to obtain the local maximum reading. Repeat theabove within a search radius of appro
23、ximately 12 mm (0.5 in.)so that a total of three observations are obtained. Record thehighest value of the three observations to the nearest 0.025 mmor 0.001 in. as the asperity height determination.NOTE 1Be vigilant not to drag the extended contact point whilemoving the depth gauge laterally across
24、 the sample between determina-tions as this can result in damage to the contact point.NOTE 2The parent standard for this procedure, GRI GM-12, origi-nally specified that the local highest asperity measurement is taken foreach asperity height determination. This is consistent with procedure fordeterm
25、ining the thickness of a textured geomembrane in accordance withTest Method D5994, which specifies that the individual thickness deter-minations are taken where the “low spots” or “valleys” are the deepest.9.5 Repeat 9.4 above at the next position,9.6 Repeat 9.3 through 9.5 on Side B for two side te
26、xturedgeomembrane samples.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the average asperity height of the sample (thetest result) from the ten (10) individual asperity height deter-minations and record to the nearest 0.025 mm or 0.001 in.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following:11.1.1 Project, type of
27、 geomembrane tested, and method ofsampling.11.1.2 Name or description of depth gauge used for testing.11.1.3 Number of specimens.11.1.4 Individual asperity height determinations to the near-est 0.025 mm or 0.001 in.FIG. 1 Asperity Height Test GaugeFIG. 2 Contact PointFIG. 3 Contact ExtensionD7466 10
28、211.1.5 Average asperity height to the nearest 0.025 mm or0.001 in.11.1.6 Coefficient of variation of the individual measure-ments of the sample, in percent (optional).11.1.7 Any unusual or out-of-standard conditions or obser-vations made during the tests.12. Precision and Bias312.1 PrecisionThe pre
29、cision of this test method is basedon an interlaboratory study of this test method conducted in2007. Each of eight laboratories tested five different materials(four for “Side A”). Every test result represents an individualdetermination, and three sample separate laboratory-day deter-minations were t
30、aken in triplicate for each material tested. Onelaboratory recorded just one lab-day measurement in triplicatefor each material. The standard units for the core thickness testresults are 0.001 inches or “mils.” Practice E691 was followedfor the design and analysis of the data; the details are given
31、inASTM Research Report RR:D35-1012.Average test value 30.7 milsTest range (reported) 21.6 to 49.7 mils95% repeatability limit (within laboratory) 2.3 mils95% reproducibility limit (between laboratories) 5.4 mils12.1.1 Repeatability Limit (r)Two test results obtainedwithin one laboratory shall be jud
32、ged not equivalent if theydiffer by more than the “r” value for that material; “r” is theinterval representing the critical difference between two testresults for the same material, obtained by the same operatorusing the same equipment on the same day in the samelaboratory.12.1.1.1 A breakdown of th
33、e repeatability limits for “SideA” and “Side B” are listed in Tables 1 and 2.12.1.2 Reproducibility Limit (R)Two test results shall bejudged not equivalent if they differ by more than the “R” valuefor that material; “R” is the interval representing the criticaldifference between two test results for
34、 the same material,obtained by different operators using different equipment indifferent laboratories.12.1.2.1 A breakdown of the reproducibility limits for “SideA” and “Side B” are listed in Tables 1 and 2.12.1.3 The terms “repeatability limit” and “reproducibilitylimit” are used as specified in Pr
35、actice E177.12.2 UncertaintyRepeated measurements made on thesame three sets of ten test specimens on three differentmeasurement events provided a preliminary estimate of theuncertainty of the test result. The algorithms for these calcu-lations are based on Practice E2554. See Table 3.12.3 BiasAt th
36、e time of the study, there was no acceptedreference material suitable for determining the bias for this testmethod, therefore no statement on bias is being made.12.4 The precision statement was determined through sta-tistical examination of 594 results, from eight laboratories, onfive materials. The
37、se five samples were described as thefollowing:Sample 1: 60-mil Textured HDPE (Blown Film A)Sample 2: 40-mil Textured LLDPE (Blown Film A)Sample 3: 60-mil One-Side Textured HDPE (Blown Film B)Sample 4: 40-mil Textured LLDPE (Blown Film B)Sample 5: 60-mil Textured HDPE (Extruded)13. Keywords13.1 aspe
38、rity height; geomembrane; geosynthetics; texturedgeomembrane; thickness3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D35-1012.TABLE 1 Asperity Height of Textured Geomembrane “Side A” (mils)Sample Average,ARepeatability Standar
39、d Deviation, Reproducibility Standard Deviation, Repeatability Limit, Reproducibility Limit,x srsRrR1 30.66 0.94 2.03 2.63 5.672 34.76 1.00 2.49 2.79 6.973 Smooth Side of Single-Side Textured Sample4 28.30 0.90 1.85 2.53 5.185 30.57 0.46 0.85 1.28 2.39AThe average of the laboratories calculated aver
40、ages.D7466 103ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of su
41、ch rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for addi
42、tional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to th
43、e ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the
44、 aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE 2 Asperity Height of Textured Geomembrane “Side
45、B” (mils)Sample Average,ARepeatability Standard Deviation, Reproducibility Standard Deviation, Repeatability Limit, Reproducibility Limit,x srsRrR1 26.98 0.94 2.07 2.63 5.802 25.10 0.75 1.46 2.10 4.073 25.82 0.74 2.19 2.08 6.144 30.16 1.21 2.21 3.38 6.185 43.15 0.55 2.38 1.54 6.66AThe average of the
46、 laboratories calculated averages.TABLE 3 Uncertainty of Asperity Height of Textured Geomembrane Test ResultsSample Average, Range of Laboratory Uncertainty Average Uncertainty Standard Deviationx Standard Deviations SU1A 30.66 0.30 to 2.68 1.261B 26.98 0.89 to 1.77 1.342A 34.76 0.37 to 2.52 1.182B 25.10 0.57 to 1.15 0.883 25.82 0.20 to 1.76 0.924A 28.30 0.48 to 1.54 1.124B 30.16 0.54 to 1.67 1.285A 30.57 0.14 to 0.86 0.495B 43.15 0.06 to 0.99 0.55D7466 104
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