1、Designation: D7544 12Standard Specification forPyrolysis Liquid Biofuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7544; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses i
2、ndicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers grades of pyrolysis liquidbiofuel produced from biomass intended for use in varioustypes of fuel-burning equipment under various cl
3、imatic andoperating conditions. These grades are described as follows:1.1.1 Grade G is intended for use in industrial burnersequipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting therequirements listed for Grade G in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquidbiofuel listed under Grade G in Table 1 is not inte
4、nded for usein residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, ormarine applications.1.1.2 Grade D is intended for use in commercial/industrialburners requiring lower solids and ash content and which areequipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting therequirements listed for Grade
5、 D in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquidbiofuel listed under Grade D in Table 1 is not intended for usein residential heaters, engines, or marine applications notmodified to handle these types of fuels.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the physical, chemical,and performance properties identifi
6、ed in this specification, see AppendixX1.1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchaseof pyrolysis liquid biofuel and for guidance of consumers ofthis type of fuel.1.3 Nothing in this specification should preclude observanceof national or local regulations, which may be more restri
7、ctive.NOTE 2The generation and dissipation of static electricity may createproblems in the handling of pyrolysis liquid biofuel. For more informationon the subject, see Guide D4865.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstan
8、dard.1.4.1 ExceptionBTU units are included for informationonly in 3.1.5.1.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine
9、 the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calo
10、rimeterD396 Specification for Fuel OilsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD
11、4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD646
12、9 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel SystemsD7579 Test Method for Pyrolysis Solids Content in Pyroly-sis Liquids by Filtration of Solids in MethanolE70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With theGlass ElectrodeE203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl FischerTitration3. T
13、erminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 bulk fuel, nfuel in the storage facility in quantitiesover 190 L.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner
14、, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published September 2012. Originallyapproved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D754410.DOI:10.1520/D7544-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AST
15、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consho
16、hocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2 char, nfine carbonaceous powder that is separatedfrom the vapors of biomass during pyrolysis.3.1.2.1 DiscussionPyrolysis liquid biofuel contains uni-formly suspended char.3.1.3 commercial burner, ndevice which produces heatfor commercial use through the com
17、bustion of liquid fuels.3.1.3.1 DiscussionCommercial burners are typically de-signed for processes that provide direct heating. Commercialboilers or heaterssmall to medium indirect heating unitswhich transfer thermal energy to water or other fluids or gasesfor use in heating in commercial settings,
18、power generation andin manufacturing processes. These boilers can be classified assmall or medium commercial boilers with a heat input ofbetween 10.5 to 105 GJ/h (10 to 100 3 106 BTU/h).3.1.4 fuel degradation products, nthose materials that areformed in fuel during extended storage or exposure to hi
19、ghtemperatures.3.1.4.1 DiscussionDuring storage, reactive organic com-pounds in pyrolysis liquid can act together to form largermolecules (fuel degradation products), which can becomeinsoluble or increase the fuel viscosity, or both.3.1.5 industrial burner, ndevice which produces heat forindustrial
20、use through the combustion of liquid fuels.3.1.5.1 DiscussionIndustrial burners are typically de-signed for one of two applications: (1) industrial furnacesintegral components of manufacturing processes that providedirect heating; for example, in aggregate, cement, lime, orphosphate kilns; coke oven
21、s; or blast, smelting, melting,refining, or drying ovens and (2) industrial boilerslargeindirect heating units which transfer thermal energy to water orother fluids or gases for use in heating in industrial settings,power generation and in manufacturing processes. Theseboilers can be classified as u
22、tility/large industrial boilers with aheat input greater than 105 GJ/h (100 3 106 BTU/h) or smallindustrial boilers with a heat input of between 10.5 to 105 GJ/h(10 to 100 3 106 BTU/h).3.1.6 long-term storagestorage of fuel for longer than 3months after it is received by the user.3.1.7 medium-term s
23、toragestorage of fuel for up to 3months after it is received by the user.3.1.7.1 DiscussionIt is recommended that fuel be con-sumed within 6 months of receipt.3.1.8 pyrolysis, nchemical decomposition of organic ma-terials by heating in the absence of oxygen.3.1.9 pyrolysis liquid biofuel, nliquid pr
24、oduct from thepyrolysis of biomass.3.1.9.1 DiscussionPyrolysis liquid biofuel is comprisedof a complex mixture of the decomposition products ofrenewable resources such as ligno-cellulosic biomass includinghighly oxygenated organic compounds. It is produced from thepyrolysis of biomass, followed by t
25、he rapid condensation of itsvapors.3.1.10 pyrolysis solids, nsolid particles contained withinthe pyrolysis liquid biofuel.3.1.10.1 DiscussionPyrolysis solids is comprised of ashand char.4. General Requirements4.1 The pyrolysis liquid biofuel specified in this specifica-tion shall remain uniform in m
26、edium-term storage and notseparate by gravity into layers.NOTE 3Long-term storage or equipment down time can necessitatecirculation of pyrolysis liquid biofuel in-tank to prevent such separation.The buyer and seller should agree on any requirements for long-termstorage. If minor separation occurs du
27、ring medium-term storage, mildagitation or product circulation should reverse such separation.5. Detailed Requirements5.1 The various grades of pyrolysis liquid biofuel shallconform to the detailed requirements shown in Table 1.5.2 The properties selected for limitation are those that arebelieved to
28、 be of the greatest significance in obtaining accept-able performance of the burner.6. Sampling6.1 Review all intended test methods prior to sampling tounderstand the importance and effects of sampling technique,proper containers, and special handling required for each testmethod. See Table 2.TABLE
29、1 Detailed Requirements for Pyrolysis Liquid BiofuelsProperty Test Method Grade G Grade DGross Heat of Combustion, MJ/kg, min D240 15 15Water Content, % mass, max E203 30 30Pyrolysis Solids Content, % mass, max D7579 2.5 0.25Kinematic Viscosity at 40C, mm2/s, max D445A125 125Density at 20C, kg/dm3D4
30、052 1.11.3 1.11.3Sulfur Content, % mass, max D4294 0.05 0.05Ash Content, % mass, max D482 0.25 0.15pH. E70 Report ReportFlash Point,C, min D93, Procedure B 45 45Pour Point,C, max D97 9 9AWithout filtering.TABLE 2 Typical Sampling Procedures for ContainersType of Container ProcedureStorage tanks that
31、 are well-mixed by circulation or agitation Automatic or Manual Pipeline SamplingTank cars, tank trucks, or ship tanks Dipper Sampling or All-Level SamplingD7544 1226.2 As indicated in 4.1, during medium-term storage, py-rolysis liquid biofuel shall remain uniform and not separateinto layers. Note,
32、however, that separation may occur duringlong-term storage. Therefore, samples should be well mixedwhen transferring from the primary sampling process orcontainer, or both, to another container or analytical apparatus,or both. Sampling from an active circulation loop or a wellmixed or agitated tank
33、is preferred. Refer to Practice D5854 formore guidance on mixing and handling samples.6.3 Sample SizeA minimum of 1 L is recommended.7. Test Methods7.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following test methods:7.1.1 Gross Heat of CombustionTes
34、t Method D240.7.1.2 Water ContentTest Method E203.7.1.3 Pyrolysis Solids ContentSee Test Method D7579.7.1.4 Kinematic ViscosityTest Method D445.7.1.5 DensityTest Method D4052.7.1.6 SulfurTest Method D4294.7.1.7 Ash ContentTest Method D482.7.1.8 pHTest Method E70.7.1.9 Flash PointTest Method D93.7.1.
35、10 Pour PointTest Method D97.8. Keywords8.1 pyrolysis liquid biofuel; bio-oil; pyrolysis oil; pyoil;py-oil; bio-crude-oil; bio-fuel-oil; wood liquids; burner fuel;renewable energy; alternative energy; fuel oils; furnace oilsAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF ASTM SPECIFIED PROPE
36、RTIES FOR PYROLYSIS LIQUID BIOFUELX1.1 Heat of CombustionX1.1.1 Heat of combustion is a measure of the energycontent of pyrolysis liquid. As a reference, pyrolysis liquid hasapproximately half the heat of combustion on a volumetricbasis compared to #2, D396 fuel oil. The heat of combustion isan impo
37、rtant basis for quantifying its monetary value and forequipment selection or design, or both.X1.2 Water ContentX1.2.1 Higher water content leads to lower overall viscosityand heat of combustion of pyrolysis liquid.X1.2.2 Water content reduces the flame temperature ofpyrolysis liquid, which contribut
38、es to lower nitrogen dioxideemissions during combustion.X1.2.3 Water content higher than the limit, can cause phaseseparation, leading to a non-homogenous mixture.X1.3 Char ContentX1.3.1 Pyrolysis liquid biofuel contains uniformly sus-pended char. Pyrolysis liquid can be produced to various charconc
39、entrations. Increasing char content may also increase theash content, viscosity and pour point of pyrolysis liquid biofueland affect the pyrolysis liquid biofuel handling, atomizationand storage stability in a negative manner.X1.4 ViscosityX1.4.1 The viscosity of a pyrolysis liquid is a measure of i
40、tsresistance to flow. It is of major importance so that adequatepreheating facilities can be provided to permit the pyrolysisliquid to be pumped to the burner and to provide goodatomization. However, it is equally important that the maxi-mum viscosity under the existing conditions be such that thepy
41、rolysis liquid can be pumped satisfactorily from the storagetank to the preheater.X1.5 DensityX1.5.1 Density alone is of little significance as an indicationof the burning characteristics of pyrolysis liquid. However,when used in conjunction with other properties, it is of value inmass-volume relati
42、onships.X1.6 Sulfur ContentX1.6.1 Knowledge of the sulfur content is important forevaluating the Sulfur Oxides emissions from combustingpyrolysis liquid.X1.7 Ash ContentX1.7.1 Ash is the amount of noncombustible material inpyrolysis liquid biofuel. Ash-forming materials may be presentin pyrolysis li
43、quid biofuel in two forms, solid particles or watersoluble metallic compounds, or both. Depending on the sizeand type (sand, char, etc.) of the solid ash particles, theseparticles can contribute to wear of burner pumps and valves,and decrease fuel efficiency by fouling heat exchange surfaces.The sol
44、uble metallic compounds have little or no effect on wearor plugging, but they can contain elements that producecorrosion and deposits on boiler heating surfaces. Excessiveamounts of ash also may necessitate particulate collectionequipment for compliance with national or local air emissionregulations
45、.X1.8 pHX1.8.1 Due to its low pH, materials which are in contactwith pyrolysis liquid shall be selected for suitability andcorrosion resistance.X1.9 Flash PointX1.9.1 The flash point of a fuel is an indication of themaximum temperature at which it can be stored and handledwithout serious fire hazard
46、.D7544 123X1.10 Pour PointX1.10.1 The pour point of pyrolysis liquid is an indicationof the lowest temperature at which the pyrolysis liquid iscapable of flowing under very low forces. The pour point isprescribed in accordance with the conditions of storage anduse. Higher pour point fuels are permis
47、sible where heatedstorage and adequate piping facilities are provided.X2. LONG-TERM STORAGE OF PYROLYSIS LIQUIDX2.1 ScopeX2.1.1 This appendix provides guidance for consumers ofpyrolysis liquid who may wish to store quantities of the fuel forextended periods.X2.1.2 Pyrolysis liquid has adequate stabi
48、lity properties towithstand normal storage and use without formation of trouble-some amounts of insoluble degradation products.X2.1.3 The following suggested practices are general innature and should not be considered substitutes for anyrequirements imposed by the warranty of the fuel equipmentmanuf
49、acturer or by federal, state or local government regula-tions. Further guidance in developing a fuel managementsystem could be provided by fuel suppliers.X2.2 Terminology (See Section 3)X2.3 Fuel SelectionX2.3.1 The stability properties of pyrolysis liquid are notfully understood and appear to depend on the biomass feed-stock sources, the pyrolysis reaction conditions, the pyrolysissolids content of the pyrolysis liquid, whether additives arepresent and storage conditions.X2.3.2 The composition and stability properties of pyrolysisliquid p
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