1、Designation: D7549 16D7549 17Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils under High OutputConditionsCaterpillar C13 Test Procedure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7549; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAny properly equipped laboratory, without outside assistance, can use the test pro
3、cedure describedin this test method. The ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)2 provides calibration and anassessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By this means the laboratorywill know whether its use of the test method gives results statistically similar to those obtain
4、ed byother laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilizes the TMC servicesin seeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S. Army has such arequirement in some of its engine oil specifications. Accordingly, this test method is written for t
5、hoselaboratories that use the TMC services. Laboratories that choose not to use these services shouldignore those portions of the test method that refer to the TMC. Information letters2 issued periodicallyby the TMC may modify this test method. In addition the TMC may issue supplementary memorandare
6、lated to the test method.1. Scope*1.1 The test method covers a heavy-duty engine test procedure under high output conditions to evaluate engine oil performancewith regard to piston deposit formation, piston ring sticking and oil consumption control in a combustion environment designedto minimize exh
7、aust emissions. This test method is commonly referred to as the Caterpillar C13 Heavy-Duty Engine Oil Test.31.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 ExceptionsWhere there are no SI equivalent such as screw thr
8、eads, National Pipe Treads (NPT), and tubing sizes.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of r
9、egulatorylimitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and
10、 Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup T
11、esterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee
12、 D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition approved April 1, 2016May 1, 2017. Published April 2016June 2017. Originally published in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 20152016 asD7549
13、15a.D7549 16. DOI: 10.1520/D7549-16.10.1520/D7549-17.2 The ASTM Test Monitoring Center will update changes in this test method by means of Information Letters. This edition includes all information letters through No.152.16-1. Information Letters may be obtained by from the ASTM Test Monitoring Cent
14、er, 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206-4489, Attention: Administrator.3 Caterpillar Inc., Engine System Technology Development, PO Box 610, Mossville, IL 61552-0610.4 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
15、 Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be te
16、chnically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of th
17、is standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Meth
18、od for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum ProductsD613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric TitrationD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD976 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate FuelsD1319 Te
19、st Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2709 Test M
20、ethod for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by CentrifugeD3524 Test Method for Diesel Fuel Diluent in Used Diesel Engine Oils by Gas ChromatographyD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum P
21、roducts, Liquid Fuels, and LubricantsD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination by Potentiometric Hydrochloric Acid TitrationD5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of U
22、sed and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by InductivelyCoupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)D5186 Test Method for Determination of theAromatic Content and PolynuclearAromatic Content of Diesel Fuels andAviationTurbine Fuels By Supercritical Fluid ChromatographyD5453 Test Method
23、for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5967 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-8 Diesel EngineD6078 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the Scuffing Load
24、 Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator(SLBOCLE)D6681 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel EngineCaterpillar 1P TestProcedureD6987/D6987M Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-10 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel EngineE29 Practice for Using
25、Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations2.2 Other ASTM Document:ASTM Deposit Rating Manual 20 (formerly CRC Manual 20)53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 blind reference oil, na reference oil, the identity of wh
26、ich is unknown by the test facility.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThis is a coded reference oil that is submitted by a source independent of the test facility. D41753.1.2 blowby, nin internal combustion engines, the combustion products and unburned air-and-fuel mixture that enter thecrankcase. D41753.1.3 calibr
27、ate, vto determine the indication or output of a measuring device with respect to that of a standard. D41753.1.4 heavy duty, adjin internal combustion engine operation, characterized by average speeds, power output, and internaltemperatures that are close to the potential maximums. D41753.1.5 heavy-
28、duty engine, nin internal combustion engine types, one that is designed to allow operation continuous at or closeto its peak output.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThis type of engine is typically installed in large trucks and buses as well as farm, industrial, and construction equipment. D41753.1.6 non-reference
29、 oil, nany oil other than a reference oil, such as a research formulation, commercial oil, or candidate oil.D41755 For Stock #TMCMNL20, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM International Customer Service at serviceastm.org.D7549 1723.1.7 non-standard test, na test that is not conduc
30、ted in conformance with the requirements in the standard test method, suchrunning on an uncalibrated test stand, using different test equipment, applying different equipment assembly procedures, or usingmodified operating conditions. D41753.1.8 reference oil, nan oil of known performance characteris
31、tics, used as a basis for comparison.3.1.8.1 DiscussionReference oils are used to calibrate testing facilities, to compare the performance of other oils, or to evaluate other materials (suchas seals) that interact with oils. D41753.1.9 test oil, nany oil subjected to evaluation in an established pro
32、cedure.3.1.9.1 DiscussionIt can be any oil selected by the laboratory conducting the test. It could be an experimental product or a commercially availableoil. Often, it is an oil that is a candidate for approval against engine oil specifications (such as manufacturers or militaryspecifications, and
33、so forth). D41753.1.10 wear, nthe loss of material from a surface, generally occurring between two surfaces in relative motion, and resultingfrom mechanical or chemical action or a combination of both.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 overhead, nin internal combustion engines,
34、 the components of the valve train located in or above the cylinder head.3.2.2 tote, na container, smaller in capacity than a gallon.3.2.3 valve train, nin internal combustion engines, the series of components, such as valves, crossheads, rocker arms, pushrods and camshaft that open and close the in
35、take and exhaust valves.3.3 Abbreviations and Acronyms:3.3.1 ACERTAdvanced Combustion Emission Reduction Technology3.3.2 ATGCaverage top groove carbon3.3.3 ATGCOaverage top groove carbon offset3.3.4 CARBCalifornia Air Resources Board3.3.5 CATacronym for Caterpillar3.3.6 CRCCoordinating Research Coun
36、cil3.3.7 DACAData Acquisition and Control Automation3.3.8 ECMengine control module3.3.9 EOTend of test3.3.10 HCheavy carbon3.3.11 IMPintake manifold pressure3.3.12 LClight carbon3.3.13 LTMSLubricant Test Monitoring System3.3.14 MCmedium carbon3.3.15 NPTNational Pipe Thread3.3.16 OCoil consumption3.3
37、.17 P/Npart number3.3.18 QIquality index3.3.19 RPTGCreference relative top groove carbon profile3.3.20 SDTGCOstandard deviation top groove carbon outlier3.3.21 TGCtop groove carbon3.3.22 ULSDultra low sulfur diesel4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method uses a Caterpillar production C13 diesel
38、 engine (see AnnexA3 for ordering information and list of enginebuild parts). Test operation includes a 60 min engine warm-up and break-in, followed by a 4 h cool down and valve lashD7549 173adjustment.After the valve lash adjustment and any other needed adjustments, a 500 h test is begun. The engin
39、e is operated understeady-state, rated-power conditions known to generate excessive piston deposits or oil consumption or both in field service. Reportthe total engine oil consumption as the sum of the measured volumes in 50 h increments.4.2 Equip the test stand with the appropriate instrumentation
40、to control engine speed, fuel flow, and other operating parameters.4.3 Determine the engine oil performance by assessing piston deposits and ring sticking, and oil consumption.4.3.1 Prior to each test, clean and assemble the engine with new cylinder liners, pistons, piston rings, bearings and certai
41、n valvetrain components. All aspects of the assembly are specified. After the test, dismantle the engine and examine and rate the parts.4.3.2 A sample of engine oil is removed and an oil addition is made at the end of each 50 h period. The volume of the oiladdition is the sum of the volume of sample
42、 plus the volume of oil consumed by the engine.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method assesses the performance of an engine oil with respect to control of piston deposits and maintenance ofoil consumption under heavy-duty operating conditions selected to accelerate deposit formation in a turboc
43、harged, intercooledfour-stroke-cycle diesel engine equipped with a combustion system that minimizes federally controlled exhaust gas emissions.5.2 The results from this test method may be compared against specification requirements to ascertain acceptance.5.3 The design of the test engine used in th
44、is test method is representative of many, but not all, diesel engines. This factor, alongwith the accelerated operating conditions, needs to be considered when comparing test results against specification requirements.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Engine Configuration:6.1.1 Test EngineThe test engine is a pr
45、oduction 2004 Caterpillar 320 kW C13 engine, designed for heavy duty on-highwaytruck use. It is an electronically controlled, turbocharged, after-cooled, direct injected, six cylinder diesel engine with an in-blockcamshaft and a four-valve per cylinder arrangement. The engine uses CaterpillarsACERT
46、technology featuring multiple injectionsper cycle and inlet valve actuation control. It features a 2004 US EPA emissions configuration with electronic control of fuelmetering, fuel injection timing and inlet valve actuation timing. Critical parts that can affect piston deposit formation are specifie
47、dfor oil test engine use. See Annex A3 for source of the test engine and critical and non-critical parts.6.1.2 Oil Heat Exchanger and Oil Heat SystemReplace the standard Caterpillar oil heat exchanger core with a stainless stealcore, Caterpillar P/N 1Y-4026. Additionally install a remotely mounted h
48、eat exchanger. Control the oil temperature with adedicated cooling loop and control system which is separate from the engine coolant (see Annex A12). Ensure that the oil coolerbypass valve is blocked closed.6.1.3 Oil Pan ModificationModify the oil pan as shown in A4.1.6.1.4 Engine Control Module (EC
49、M)The ECM defines the desired engine fuel timing and quantity. It also limits maximumengine speed and power. Caterpillar electronic governors are designed to maintain a speed indicated by the throttle position signal.Speed variation drives fuel demand (rack). Rack and engine speed are input to the injection duration and timing maps to determineduration and timing commands for the fuel injectors. Obtain special oil test engine control software (module P/N 250-6775) forcorrect maps. Contact the Caterpillar oil test representative
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