1、Designation: D7659 10Standard Guide forStrategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids forWorker Protection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7659; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides criteria to be used in definingstrategies for sampling for metals and metalloids on surfacesf
3、or workplace health and safety monitoring or evaluation.1.2 Guidance provided by this standard is intended forsampling of metals and metalloids on surfaces for subsequentanalysis using methods such as atomic spectrometry, massspectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, or molecular fluorescence.Guidance for e
4、valuation of data after sample analysis isincluded.1.3 Sampling for volatile organometallic species (for ex-ample, trimethyl tin) is not within the scope of this guide.1.4 Sampling to determine levels of metals or metalloids onthe skin is not within the scope of this guide.1.5 Sampling for airborne
5、particulate matter is not withinthe scope of this guide. Guide E1370 provides information onair sampling strategies.1.6 Where surface sampling is prescribed by law or regula-tion, this guide is not intended to take the place of anyrequirements that may be specified in such law or regulation.1.7 The
6、values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
7、 safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias ofMethods of Committee D22D5438 Practic
8、e for Collection of Floor Dust for ChemicalAnalysisD6399 Guide for Selecting Instruments and Methods forMeasuring Air Quality in Aircraft CabinsD6620 Practice for Asbestos Detection Limit Based onCountsD6966 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust SamplesUsing Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent De
9、termi-nation of MetalsD7035 Test Method for Determination of Metals and Met-alloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by InductivelyCoupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)D7144 Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals DeterminationD7202 Test M
10、ethod for Determination of Beryllium in theWorkplace Using Field-Based Extraction and Fluores-cence DetectionD7296 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust SamplesUsing Dry Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent De-termination of Beryllium and CompoundsD7439 Test Method for Determination of Elements in
11、Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively CoupledPlasmaMass SpectrometryD7440 Practice for Characterizing Uncertainty in Air Qual-ity MeasurementsE1216 Practice for Sampling for Particulate Contaminationby Tape LiftE1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker andWorkplace ProtectionE1402 Guid
12、e for Sampling DesignE1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health andSafetyE1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(FAAS), or Graphite Fur
13、nace Atomic Absorption Spec-trometry (GFAAS) Techniques1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air Quality.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published September 2010.2For referenced ASTM stand
14、ards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, P
15、A 19428-2959, United States.E1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust SamplesUsing Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent LeadDeterminationE1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Leadin Surface DustE2271 Practice for Clearance Examinations FollowingLead Hazard Reduction Activities in D
16、wellings, and inOther Child-Occupied Facilities2.2 ISO and European Standards:3EN 1540 Workplace AtmospheresTerminology FlasksISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competenceof Testing and Calibration LaboratoriesISO TR 14294 Workplace AtmospheresMeasurement ofdermal exposurePrinciples and meth
17、ods2.3 Other Documents:440 CFR 745 Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in Cer-tain Residential Structures3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to occupational healthand safety, see Terminology E1542.3.2 For definitions of terms relating to sampling and analy-sis of atmospheres, see T
18、erminology D1356.3.3 Definitions:3.3.1 analytedesignated chemical species to be measuredby a monitor or to be identified and quantified by an analyzer.D63993.3.2 analytical sensitivityability of an analytical methodto detect small amounts of, or small changes in the amount of,the analyte of interest
19、.3.3.3 analytical specificityability of an analytical methodto respond uniquely to the analyte of interest; that is, its abilityto measure accurately an analyte, both qualitatively and quan-titatively. (1)53.3.3.1 DiscussionImportant factors in determining ana-lytical specificity include freedom fro
20、m interference by othercomponents, and good precision and accuracy.3.3.4 confidence intervalrange of values that has a speci-fied probability of including the true value of the parameter(s)of an underlying distribution.3.3.5 data quality objectives (DQOs)qualitative andquantitative statements of the
21、 overall level of uncertainty thata decision maker is willing to accept in results or decisionsderived from environmental data. D63993.3.5.1 DiscussionMinimum DQOs include method de-tection limit, precision, and bias.3.3.6 decision valuea numerical value used as a boundaryin a statistical test to de
22、cide between the null hypothesis andthe alternative hypothesis. D66203.3.7 descriptive statisticssimple metrics of a sampledistributions characteristics such as central tendency (forexample, mean, median) and dispersion (for example, standarddeviation, variance, range). (2)3.3.7.1 DiscussionAddition
23、al examples are the number ofsamples and the actual fraction of samples above a decisionvalue or a limit value.3.3.8 inferential statisticsparameters used to make esti-mates about a distribution and underlying population. (2)3.3.9 limit valuereference figure for the concentration of achemical or bio
24、logical agent. EN 15403.3.9.1 DiscussionAs used in this guide, examples oflimit values include occupational exposure limits establishedby regulation, or Threshold Limit Values established by theAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(3). This should not be confused with analytical
25、limits, such asmethod detection limit, as defined in Terminology D1356.3.3.10 non-parametric statistical inferenceevaluation of adata set using statistical procedures whose validity do notdepend on assuming a specified underlying distribution.3.3.11 parametric statistical inferenceevaluation of a da
26、taset based on assuming a specified underlying statistical model,such as normal or lognormal distributions.3.3.12 professional judgmentapplication and appropriateuse of knowledge gained from formal education, experience,experimentation, inference, and analogy. The capacity of anexperienced professio
27、nal to draw correct inferences fromincomplete quantitative data, frequently on the basis of obser-vations, analogy, and intuition. (2)3.3.13 reporting limitvalue at which reported data arecensored.3.3.13.1 DiscussionValues below the reporting limit aretypically reported as being less than the report
28、ing limit, such as“RL” or are reported at the reporting limit with a qualifier,such as “RL (U)”.3.3.14 representative surfacea surface that is taken to betypical of surface(s) at a given sampling location.3.3.14.1 DiscussionA representative surface may be es-tablished as a result of directed samplin
29、g (see 7.3.1) or randomsampling (see 7.3.2). Thus, “representative” should not beconfused with “random.”3.3.15 sampling locationa specific area within a samplingsite that is subjected to sample collection. E1728/D69663.3.15.1 DiscussionMultiple sampling locations are com-monly designated for a singl
30、e sampling site (see 3.3.16).3.3.16 sampling sitea local geographic area that containsthe sampling locations (see 3.3.16). E1728/D69663.3.16.1 DiscussionAsampling site is generally limited toan area that is easily covered by walking.3.3.17 stratified samplingsampling in which the popula-tion to be s
31、ampled is first divided into mutually exclusivesubsets or strata, and independent samples taken within eachstratum.3.3.18 Type I errorselection, based on a statistical test, ofthe alternative hypothesis over the null hypothesis when thenull hypothesis is, in fact, true; a false positive outcome of a
32、statistical test. D66203.3.19 Type II errorselection, based on a statistical test, ofthe null hypothesis over the alternative hypothesis when thealternative hypothesis is, in fact, true; a false negative outcome3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, N
33、ew York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.D7659
34、 102of a statistical test. D66203.3.20 upper tolerance limit (UTL) upper confidencelimit (with specified confidence level) for a percentile of adistribution. (2)3.3.20.1 DiscussionThe UTL is the value below which aspecified fraction of the population will be found, with aspecified level of confidenc
35、e. For example, the UTL95 %, 95 %isthe value for which one would have 95 % confidence that 95 %of the population is below the UTL.3.3.21 wipe samplesample collected by wiping a repre-sentative surface of known area, as determined by PracticeE1728, or equivalent method, with an acceptable wipe materi
36、alas defined in Practice E1792. 40 CFR 745.63, (5)4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide describes approaches which can be used todetermine surface sampling strategies before any actual surfacesampling occurs. The strategy selection process needs toconsider a number of factors, including, but not lim
37、ited to,purpose for sampling, fitness of the sampling strategy for thatpurpose, data quality objectives and how the data will be used,ability to execute the selected strategy, and ability of theanalytical laboratory (fixed-site or in-field) to analyze thesamples once they are collected.4.2 For the p
38、urposes of sampling, and for the materialssampled, surface sampling strategies are matters of choice.Workplace sampling may be performed for single or multiplepurposes. Conflicts may arise when a single sampling strategyis expected to satisfy multiple purposes.4.2.1 Limitations of cost, space, power
39、 requirements, equip-ment, personnel, and analytical methods need to be consideredto arrive at an optimum strategy for each purpose.4.2.2 A strategy intended to satisfy multiple purposes willtypically be a compromise among several alternatives, and willtypically not be optimal for any one purpose.4.
40、2.3 The purpose or purposes for sampling should beexplicitly stated before a sampling strategy is selected. Goodpractice, regulatory and legal requirements, cost of the sam-pling program, and the usefulness of the results may bemarkedly different for different purposes of sampling.4.3 This guide is
41、intended for those who are preparing toevaluate a workplace environment by collecting samples ofmetals or metalloids on surfaces, or who wish to obtain anunderstanding of what information can be obtained by suchsampling.4.4 This guide cannot take the place of sound professionaljudgment in developmen
42、t and execution of any samplingstrategy. In most instances, a strategy based on a standardpractice or method will need to be adjusted due to conditionsencountered in the field. Documentation of any professionaljudgments applied to development or execution of a samplingstrategy is essential.4.5 This
43、guide should not be used as a stand-alone docu-ment to evaluate any given contaminant or chemical species.4.6 The surface sampling techniques described in this guideare intended for the determination of metals and metalloids onsurfaces, or for the determination of loadings of embeddedmetallic residu
44、es in surface coverings. These techniques maynot accurately reflect the transferability or bioavailability ofsuch residues by way of dermal contact or inhalation ofresuspended respirable dust.5. Surface SamplingGeneral5.1 Surface sampling results are one of many sources ofinformation about health an
45、d safety conditions in a workplace.Information obtained from surface sampling should not be usedto the exclusion of other information. Additional sources ofinformation may, as applicable, include air sampling, bioassayand biomonitoring results, clinical observations, quality andprocess control data,
46、 records of facility operations, and mate-rial balance studies.5.2 Agreement among separately obtained sources of infor-mation should increase confidence in the interpretation ofworkplace hazard assessments. Disagreement should be causefor concern, and should result in efforts to determine why thedi
47、sagreement occurred.5.3 The factors discussed in Sections 6 through 10 of thisguide are interdependent and may need to be applied in aniterative fashion to develop an optimum strategy.6. Purposes for Surface Sampling6.1 General considerationsPurposes for surface samplingare based on the following ge
48、neral considerations:6.1.1 Drivers for sampling; that is, the “why” for perform-ing the sampling campaign. Generally, the “why” should fallinto one of the following three areas:6.1.1.1 Health impact, or evaluation of the potential healthrisk from the contaminant or chemical species.6.1.1.2 Hazard ma
49、nagement, or evaluation of the source ofthe contaminant or chemical species, extent of exposure area,and effectiveness of controls.6.1.1.3 Hazard compliance, or evaluation of complianceagainst regulations or policies.6.1.2 Goals for the sampling campaign, which are based onhow the data will be used.6.1.3 Data quality objectives, which define how well thecollection and analysis of the samples must be performed.6.1.4 Available resources to conduct the sampling cam-paign, laboratory analyses, and data evaluation.6.2 ExamplesThe following are examp
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