1、Designation: D7684 11 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Guide forMicroscopic Characterization of Particles from In-ServiceLubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7684; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the classification and reporting ofresults from in-service lubricant particulate debris
3、 analysisobtained by microscopic inspection of wear and contaminantparticles extracted from in-service lubricant and hydraulic oilsamples. This guide suggests standardized terminology topromote consistent reporting, provides logical framework todocument likely or possible root causes, and supports i
4、nferenceassociated machinery health condition or severity based onavailable debris analysis information.1.2 This guide shall be used in conjunction with an appro-priate wear debris analysis sample preparation and inspectiontechnique including, but not limited to, one of the following:1.2.1 Ferrograp
5、hy using linear glass slides,1.2.2 Ferrography using rotary glass slides,1.2.3 Patch analysis using patch makers (filtration throughmembrane filters),1.2.4 Filter debris analysis,1.2.5 Magnetic plug inspection, or1.2.6 Other means used to extract and inspect particulatedebris from in-service lubrica
6、nts.1.3 This standard is not intended to evaluate or characterizethe advantage or disadvantage of one or another of theseparticular particle extraction and inspection methods.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1
7、.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Do
8、cuments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4130 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Brackish Water,Seawater, and BrinesD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD7416 Practice for Analysis of In-Service Lubricants Usinga Particular Five-Part (Dielectric Permittivity, Time-Resolved Die
9、lectric Permittivity with Switching MagneticFields, Laser Particle Counter, Microscopic DebrisAnalysis, and Orbital Viscometer) Integrated TesterD7596 Test Method for Automatic Particle Counting andParticle Shape Classification of Oils Using a DirectImaging Integrated TesterD7647 Test Method for Aut
10、omatic Particle Counting ofLubricating and Hydraulic Fluids Using Dilution Tech-niques to Eliminate the Contribution of Water and Inter-fering Soft Particles by Light ExtinctionD7690 Practice for Microscopic Characterization of Par-ticles from In-Service Lubricants by Analytical Ferrogra-phyG40 Term
11、inology Relating to Wear and Erosion2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 11171 Hydraulic fluid power Calibration of automaticparticle counters for liquids3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasive wear, nwear due to hard particles or hardprotuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface.G403.1.2 abra
12、sion, nwear by displacement of material causedby hard particles or hard protuberances. D41753.1.3 break-in, nsee run-in. G403.1.4 fatigue wear, nwear of a solid surface caused byfracture arising from material fatigue. G401This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProduct
13、s, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.96.06 on Practices and Techniques for Prediction and Determination ofMicroscopic Wear and Wear-related Properties.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 2011. Last pre
14、vious edition approved in 2011 as D7684 11. DOI:10.1520/D7684-11R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM w
15、ebsite.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, www.iso.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.5 fretting, nin tr
16、ibology, small amplitude oscillatorymotion, usually tangential, between two solid surfaces incontact.3.1.5.1 DiscussionHere the term fretting refers only to thenature of the motion without reference to the wear, corrosion,or other damage that may ensue. The term fretting is often usedto denote frett
17、ing corrosion and other forms of fretting wear.Usage in this sense is discouraged due to the ambiguity thatmay arise. G403.1.6 fretting wear, nwear arising as a result of fretting(see fretting). G403.1.7 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear betwee
18、n them. D41753.1.8 lubricating oil, nliquid lubricant, usually compris-ing several ingredients, including a major portion of base oiland minor portions of various additives. D41753.1.9 rolling, vmotion in a direction parallel to the planeof a revolute body (ball, cylinder, wheel, and so forth) on as
19、urface without relative slip between the surfaces in all or partof the contact area. G403.1.10 rolling contact fatigue, ndamage process in atriboelement subjected to repeated rolling contact loads, in-volving the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks in orunder the contact surface, eventually
20、 culminating in surfacepits or spalls. G403.1.11 run-in, nin tribology, an initial transition processoccurring in newly established wearing contacts, often accom-panied by transients in coefficient of friction or wear rate, orboth, that are uncharacteristic of the given tribological systemsbehavior.
21、 Syn. break-in and wear-in. G403.1.12 rust, nof ferrous alloys, a corrosion product con-sisting primarily of hydrated iron oxides. D41753.1.13 sliding wear, nwear due to the relative motion inthe tangential plane of contact between two solid bodies. G403.1.14 sludge, nprecipitate or sediment from ox
22、idizedmineral oil and water. D41303.1.15 spalling, nin tribology, the separation of macro-scopic particles from a surface in the form of flakes or chips,usually associated with rolling element bearings and gear teeth,but also resulting from impact events. G403.1.16 three-body abrasive wear, nform of
23、 abrasive wearin which wear is produced by loose particles introduced orgenerated between the contacting surfaces.3.1.16.1 DiscussionIn tribology, loose particles are con-sidered to be a “third body.” G403.1.17 two-body abrasive wear, nform of abrasive wear inwhich the hard particles or protuberance
24、s that produce the wearof one body are fixed on the surface of the opposing body. G403.1.18 wear, ndamage to a solid surface, usually involvingprogressive loss or displacement of material, due to relativemotion between that surface and a contacting substance orsubstances. D4175, G403.2 Definitions o
25、f Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 abrasive wear particles, nlong wire-like particles inthe form of loops or spirals that are generated due to hard,abrasive particles present between wearing surfaces of unequalhardness; sometimes called cutting wear particles or ribbons.3.2.2 analytical ferrogr
26、aphy, ntechnique whereby par-ticles from an oil sample deposited by a ferrograph areidentified to aid in establishing wear mode inside an oil-wettedpath of a machine.3.2.3 chunks, nfree metal particles 5 m with a shapefactor (major dimension to thickness ratio) of 15 m and several times longer thant
27、hey are wide. Some of these particles have surface striations asa result of sliding and they frequently have straight edges.Their major dimension-to-thickness ratio is approximately10:1.3.2.29 severe wear particles, nin tribology, free metalparticles 15 m with major dimension-to-thickness ratiosbetw
28、een 5:1 and 30:1.3.2.30 spheres, nin tribology, metal spheres may be theresult of incipient rolling contact fatigue or they may becontaminant particles from welding, grinding, coal burning,and steel manufacturing. Spheres may also be caused byelectro-pitting.3.2.31 wear particles, nparticles generat
29、ed from a wear-ing surface of a machine.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Periodic in-service lubricant samples are collected froma machine as part of a routine condition monitoring program.The sample is prepared to separate particles from the samplefluid. The separated particles are subsequently examined usin
30、gan optical microscope to identify the types of particles presentto aid in identifying the wear mode occurring in the oil-wettedpath of the machine.4.2 In usual practice of a routine condition monitoringprogram, particle separation and examination is not done forevery sample taken, but may be done w
31、hen routine tests suchas spectrometric analysis, particle counting, or ferrous debrismonitoring indicate abnormal results.4.3 This guide is to be used with a sample preparationmethod that extracts particulate debris from in-service lubri-cant systems for subsequent microscopic examination.4.4 The us
32、er of this guide should employ consistent termi-nology to achieve accepted and understandable interpretationswhen communicating instructions and findings based on par-ticle analysis.4.5 Aprocess is suggested in standardized format to identifyand further classify multiple distinct groups of particula
33、tedebris extracted from an in-service machinery lubricatingsample.4.6 A grid format is suggested in which the user of thisguide can present findings and report possible root causesalong with an assessment of associated machinery healthcondition or severity based on available debris analysis infor-ma
34、tion.4.7 An alternate classification scheme is suggested that isconsistent with Practice D7690.5. Significance and Use5.1 The objective of particle examination is to diagnose theoperational condition of the machine sampled based on thequantity and type of particles observed in the oil. Afterbreak-in
35、, normally running machines exhibit consistent particleconcentration and particle types from sample to sample. Anincrease in particle concentration, accompanied by an increasein size and severity of particle types, is indicative of initiationof a fault. This guide describes commonly found particles
36、inD7684 11 (2016)3in-service lubricants, but does not address methodology forquantification of particle concentration.5.2 This guide is provided to promote improved and ex-panded use of particulate debris analysis with in-servicelubricant analysis. It helps overcome some perceived complex-ity and re
37、sulting intimidation that effectively limits particulatedebris analysis to the hands of a specialized and very limitednumber of practitioners. Standardized terminology and com-mon reporting formats provide consistent interpretation andgeneral understanding.5.3 Without particulate debris analysis, in
38、-service lubricantanalysis results often fall short of concluding likely root causeor potential severity from analytical results because of missinginformation about the possible identification or extent ofdamaging mechanisms.5.4 Caution shall be exercised when drawing conclusionsfrom the particles f
39、ound in a particular sample, especially if thesample being examined is the first from that type of machine.Some machines, during normal operation, generate wear par-ticles that would be considered highly abnormal in othermachines. For example, many gear boxes generate severe wearparticles throughout
40、 their expected service life, whereas just afew severe wear particles from an aircraft gas turbine oilsample may be highly abnormal. Sound diagnostics requirethat a baseline, or typical wear particle signature, be estab-lished for each machine type under surveillance.6. Reagents6.1 Use reagents of t
41、ype and purity following specificationsfrom the manufacturer of the wear debris analysis samplepreparation apparatus. Use reagents and solvents that do notcontribute significant particles to the sample.7. Procedure7.1 Particulate matter extracted from in-service lubricantsare displayed on a relative
42、ly flat surface such as a filter patch,glass slide, or other substrate for microscopic inspection. Theprocedure normally involves the following steps. These stepsmay be performed in this order or in a different order, and stepsmay be added as needed. This guide applies to interpretingmicroscopic obs
43、ervations (7.1.6) and reporting results (7.1.7)but does not address steps 7.1.1 7.1.5.7.1.1 Collecting or concentrating particulate matter,7.1.2 Depositing it on a surface to produce a specimensuitable for placement on an optical microscope stage,7.1.3 Removing residual in-service lubricant fluid fr
44、om thespecimen,7.1.4 Transporting the specimen to a microscope stage,7.1.5 Using the microscope to inspect the specimen,7.1.6 Interpreting observations, and7.1.7 Recording results.7.2 Use a desired particulate extraction technique to preparea specimen for microscopic wear debris analysis. Specimensa
45、re prepared using an apparatus that effectively extracts solidparticles from liquid samples and deposits the particles on arelatively flat supporting surface that can be placed on theviewing stage of an optical microscope.7.3 Prepare specimens using one of the following particleextraction techniques
46、:7.3.1 Analytical ferrography using ferrograph to producelinear glass slides in accordance with Practice D7690,7.3.2 Analytical ferrography using ferrograph to producedrotary glass slides,7.3.3 Filter patch analysis using filter patch makers,7.3.4 Filter debris analysis,7.3.5 Magnetic plug inspectio
47、n, or7.3.6 Other means used to extract and inspect particulatedebris from in-service lubricants.7.4 Inspect the specimen using an optical microscope andclassify particles using the following procedures. It is commonfor a single specimen to carry multiple kinds of particles soclassification is normal
48、ly done for a group of particles bycharacterizing individual particles representative of that group.7.5 Therefore, the first step when inspecting a specimennormally involves scanning the entire specimen to identifyparticle types that are of interest by group. Next, each group ischaracterized in a lo
49、gical sequence. An atlas of exampleimages is typically used to provide consistency and to assistwith cross-training between operators. One such atlas isdescribed in the Wear Particle Atlas.47.6 For each group of particles the user should applyconsistent characterization criteria. Two example approachesare given below in 7.7 and 7.8 that outline processes andformat for analyzing and recording wear debris analysisclassification findings.7.7 For the first example of a particle classificationapproach, see Table 1, which shows a tabular grid a user mayco
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