1、Designation: D7790 12Standard Guide forPreparation of Plastic Packagings Containing Liquids forUnited Nations (UN) Drop Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7790; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide intends to provide a standardized method forspecial preparation conditioning of drop test s
3、amples forUnited Nations (UN) performance-oriented packaging certifi-cation.1.2 This guide provides guidance on conditioning testsamples for drop testing plastic packaging intended for liquidhazardous materials (dangerous goods) as required by 49 CFR178.603(c)(1) and 178.810(b)(4). This guide also p
4、rovidesthe minimum information that should be documented whenconducting special preparation conditioning.1.3 The user of this guide shall be trained in accordancewith 49 CFR 172.700 and other applicable hazardous mate-rials regulations including: the International Civil AviationOrganization (ICAO) T
5、echnical Instructions for the Safe Trans-port of Dangerous Goods by Air, the International MaritimeDangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), and carrier rules suchas the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Danger-ous Goods Regulations.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are regarded as thestan
6、dard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appl
7、ica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD4919 Guide for Testing of Hazardous Materials Packagings2.2 Federal Standard:U.S. Department of Transportation Code of
8、 Federal Regula-tions Title 49 (49 CFR) Parts 100-18532.3 UN Standard:United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dan-gerous Goods, Model Regulations (UN Orange Book)42.4 IATA Standard:International Air Transport Association (IATA) DangerousGoods Regulations52.5 ICAO Standard:International Ci
9、vil Aviation Organization (ICAO) TechnicalInstructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods byAir62.6 IMDG Standard:International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code73. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ambient, advthe temperature and humidity of thesurrounding environment where sample preparat
10、ion is con-ducted.3.1.2 conditioning period, nminimum time required fortest sample(s) and contents to reach the appropriate tempera-ture.3.1.3 environmental conditioning chamber(s),ncompartment, cabinet, or enclosed room that has the abilityto achieve low temperatures and maintain those temperatures
11、(or below) during the conditioning period. Examples are chest,upright freezer,orwalk-in freezer.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers andSystems - Application of Performance Test Methods.C
12、urrent edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published December 2012. DOI:10.1520/D7790-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary p
13、age onthe ASTM website.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402-9371 (website: phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat).4Available from the UN Economic Commission for Europe, InformationService, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland (website: http:/w
14、ww.unece.org/trans/danger/danger.htm).5Available from the International Air Transport Association (IATA), 800 PlaceVictoria, PO Box 113, Montreal, Quebec H4Z 1M1 Canada (website: http:/www.iata.org).6Available from the International Civil Aviation Organization, (ICAO), 999University St., Montreal, Q
15、uebec H3C 5H7 Canada (website: http:/www.icao.org).7Available from the International Marine Organization (IMO), 4 AlbertEmbankment, London, SE1 7SR United Kingdom (website: http:/www.imo.org).Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United S
16、tates13.1.4 mapping, vcollecting temperature data at multipleinterior or exterior locations of a package or inside the chamberto determine the temperature variability range.3.1.4.1 DiscussionUnitsAll temperature readings are indegrees Celsius.3.1.5 specific gravity, nratio of the testing substancede
17、nsity to a standard substance (i.e., water) density at a specifictemperature and pressure.3.1.5.1 DiscussionFor solids and liquids, the standardsubstance is normally water at 4.0C with a 1.00 kg/L density.3.1.6 thermocouple, ndevice for measuring temperature.It consists of two dissimilar metals, joi
18、ned together at one end.When the junction of the two metals is heated or cooled avoltage is produced that can be correlated back to the tempera-ture. The thermocouple alloys are commonly available as wire.3.1.7 water/antifreeze solution, nliquid solution with a0.95 minimum specific gravity at 18C an
19、d does not freezeabove 24C.3.2 Applicable Packaging Definitions Related to DangerousGoods Regulations:3.2.1 combination package, ncombination of packagingsfor transport purposes consisting of one or more inner pack-agings secured in a non-bulk outer packaging. It does notinclude a composite packagin
20、g.3.2.2 composite packaging, npackaging consisting of anouter packaging and an inner receptacle so constructed that theinner receptacle and the outer packaging form an integralpackaging. Once assembled, it remains thereafter an integratedsingle unit and it is filled, stored, transported, and emptied
21、 assuch.3.2.3 package, nthe completed product; the packagingplus its contents prepared for transport.3.2.4 packaging(s), nthe receptacle(s) (without contents)and any other components or materials necessary for thereceptacle(s) to perform their containment function.3.2.5 receptacle, ncontainment vess
22、el for receiving andholding substances or articles, including any means of closing.3.2.6 single packaging, nnon-bulk packaging other thancombination packaging.3.2.7 shipper, nthe company or person providing thepackaging and instructions for the substances or articles beingtransported from one locati
23、on to another.NOTE 1Additional packaging terms and definitions are located in 49CFR Section 171.8 and the UN Orange Book, Section 1.2.1.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide direction foruniform conditioning methodology when conducting specialpreparations of plastic pack
24、agings as prescribed for conductingUnited Nations (UN) drop test. This guide provides a uniformapproach for conditioning of plastic packaging intended forliquid hazardous materials (dangerous goods).4.2 The hazardous materials (dangerous goods) regulationscertification process requires that plastic
25、packagings undergospecial preparations before performing the UN drop test. Theregulations do not include uniform procedures for conductingspecial preparations. Non-uniform procedures allow for differ-ences in methods between test facilities which may result indifferent test results.4.3 The UN Orange
26、 Book and 49 CFR 178.603(c) state thatdrop testing conditioning is required for all plastic drums,plastic jerricans, plastic boxes (other than expanded polysty-rene boxes), composite packagings (plastic material), andcombination packagings with plastic inner packagings (otherthan plastic bags intend
27、ed to contain solids or articles). Itfurther states that drop testing shall be conducted when thetemperature of the test sample (packagings and contents) hasbeen reduced to 18C or lower. Test liquids shall be kept inthe liquid state, if necessary, by the addition of antifreeze.Water/antifreeze solut
28、ions with a minimum 0.95 specific grav-ity for testing at 18C or lower are considered acceptable testliquids.4.4 A 24-hour conditioning period may not be sufficienttime for the packaging and contents to reach the requiredtemperature.4.5 This guide provides additional information not in theregulation
29、s that will facilitate consistent test sample condition-ing among test facilities. The information and guidance pro-vided here are intended to meet or exceed the minimumrequirements of the regulations.4.6 For more information on the UN certification tests, referto Guide D4919.5. Equipment5.1 Recomme
30、nded Test Equipment:5.1.1 Appropriate Packaging Closure Equipment (Cali-brated as Applicable)Equipment such as torque wrench,torque meter, lid press, cover/closure crimping tools, andsimilar, used to prepare the packaging for transport.5.1.2 Environmental Conditioning Chamber.5.1.3 Calibrated Thermo
31、couple or Thermometer, to accu-rately measure the test containers and contents.5.1.4 Calibrated Temperature Recorder/Data Logger.NOTE 2All equipment used in this guide should be calibrated as permanufacturers recommendations with a National Institute for Standardsand Technology (NIST) traceable refe
32、rence standard.6. Sample Size6.1 Reference 49 CFR 178.603 and 178.810 for thenumber of samples required for the drop test. (Differentpackaging design types require a different number of samples.)7. Test Samples (Specimens)7.1 SelectionRandomly selected appropriate test speci-mens.7.2 PreparationEnsu
33、re all specimens have been properlyprepared for transport per the manufacturers closure andassembly instructions. Place the prepared specimens into theconditioning chamber. The packaging should be conditioned inits normal shipping orientation and fully assembled. Separatelyconditioning packaging com
34、ponents and then assembling thepackage before performing the drop test is not recommended.D7790 1227.3 Environmental Conditioning Chamber SettingsInter-laboratory experience has shown that lower chamber tempera-ture settings may be necessary to achieve a 18C specimentemperature. The lower setting ca
35、n allow for chamber tempera-ture fluctuations from defrost cycles, location within thechamber, airflow, and so forth.NOTE 3A 18C or lower temperature is required for plastic packag-ing conditioning before a drop test. To achieve the required 18Cspecimen temperature the recommended temperature settin
36、g for theconditioning chamber is 22C to 24C.8. Temperature Monitoring8.1 Conditioning ChamberA chart recorder or data-logging system should be in place to verify the chambertemperature operates at the appropriate set point throughout theconditioning period. Test facilities should consider temperatur
37、emapping of environmental chambers to confirm an even andconsistent air temperature is achieved throughout conditioningprocess.8.2 Test Samples (Specimens)Ensure that the instrumen-tation and temperature-monitoring system used for the mea-surements are appropriate for the application. The temperatur
38、eof the contents should be monitored during conditioning orchecked prior to or immediately after conducting the first droptest to ensure the conditioning requirements have be met. Thefollowing procedures should be considered to confirm properconditioning:8.2.1 Prepare an additional sample with a the
39、rmocouple orsome other temperature-monitoring device located inside thepackaging during conditioning.8.2.2 Prepare an additional sample (not intended to be usedas a drop test sample) and measure the product temperaturebefore performing the drop test with a thermometer,thermocouple, or other temperat
40、ure-measuring device.8.2.3 Prepare and condition the appropriate number of testsamples and check the temperature of the test contents imme-diately after the first drop test.9. Conditioning Period9.1 Factors to Consider in Determining the Minimum Con-ditioning Period:9.1.1 The filling substance tempe
41、rature before starting con-ditioning. If the filling material starts at ambient temperature itmay require a minimum of 72 h to achieve the required testtemperature.9.1.2 The packaging volume/size. The larger the packaging,the more time it may require to achieve the required testtemperature.9.1.3 The
42、 conditioning chamber size and air flow.9.1.4 The insulation properties of the outer packaging andinner packaging components may add time to the test sampleconditioning. Example: A plastic container placed inside aninsulated shell (expanded polystyrene EPS or other foam)may take longer to reach the
43、required temperature.9.1.5 The amount of cushioning, dunnage, or absorbentmaterial being used.9.1.6 The number of test samples being conditioned at onetime in the chamber and other items in the conditioningchamber may affect conditioning.9.2 The conditioning period duration will vary based on thefac
44、tors listed in 9.1 and possibly other factors. All samples areconsidered to be conditioned when the temperature of thepackaging and its contents has been reduced to 18C or lowerbefore conducting the drop test.9.2.1 As a general guideline, the test sample conditioningtime should be at least 72 h when
45、 the filling solution starts atambient temperature; this is recommended by Practice D4332.9.2.2 If the filling solution has been preconditioned at18C or lower, the sample-conditioning time may be less than72 h.9.2.3 It is suggested that the conditioning period not be lessthan 24 h regardless of the
46、temperature monitoring data resultsof the filling solution. A minimum of 24 h is recommended toestablish a minimum time between labs for packaging compo-nents to reach the conditioning requirements.9.2.4 Regardless of the conditioning time used, you mustcomply with the regulatory temperature require
47、ment and con-firm the packaging and the contents have been properlyconditioned.9.3 Test Solutions:9.3.1 The following typical antifreeze test solutions arerecommended:9.3.1.1 Propylene glycol/water mixture.9.3.1.2 Methanol/water mixture.9.3.1.3 Ethylene glycol/water mixture.NOTE 4Salt water solution
48、s are not recommended for use.10. Report10.1 The test report should minimally include the following:10.1.1 Test date, report identification, and person respon-sible for conducting the test.10.1.2 Equipment used to measure and monitor tempera-ture.10.1.3 Location and method used to measure the temper
49、a-ture (photographs are appropriate).10.1.4 Time for all solutions and packaging components toreach proper temperature.10.1.5 Applicable observations during the test.11. Keywords11.1 conditioning; conditions; dangerous goods packagetesting; plastic packaging; preparation; temperature; UN droptestingD7790 123ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the
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