ASTM D7805-2013 6875 Standard Terminology for Printing Ink Vehicles and Related Materials《印刷油墨车辆和相关材料的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: D7805 13Standard Terminology forPrinting Ink Vehicles and Related Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7805; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number

2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard contains the definitions of terms as used inreference to printing ink vehicles and related materials.2. Referenced Documents2.1

3、 ASTM Standards:2D2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of CoatingsD4713 Test Methods for Nonvolatile Content of Heatset andLiquid Printing Ink SystemsD6419 Test Method for Volatile Content of Sheet-Fed andColdset Web Offset Printing Inks3. Significance and Use3.1 A common set of definitions is esse

4、ntial to improvecommunication and avoid misunderstanding among manufac-turers of printing ink, printing ink vehicles, resins, solvents,oils and all other components of printing ink vehicles.4. Terminologyacid number (value), nan indication of the relative amountof COOH functionality of a polymer or

5、other molecule.DISCUSSIONAcid number calculated by the number of milligrams ofpotassium hydroxide neutralized by the free acids present in1gofresinor other material. The determination is made by titrating the samplewith KOH in alcohol using phenolphthalein as an indicator.acrylates, nchemical materi

6、als which contain the groupingOCOCHCH2, usually in the form of monomers or oligomers.acrylic resins, nthermoplastic or thermosetting polymers orcopolymers derived from ethenylically unsaturated mono-mers such as styrene, acrylic/methacrylic acid, and acrylic/methacrylic acid esters.DISCUSSIONAcrylic

7、 resins are used most commonly in liquid (forexample, flexo and gravure) inks. Most waterbased inks are formulatedfrom acrylic resins or acrylic emulsions.adhesion, nstate in which two surfaces are held together byinterfacial forces that may consist of valence forces, inter-locking action, or both.a

8、lkyd, nsynthetic resins formed by the reaction of polybasicacids with polyhydric alcohols, typically modified withunsaturated vegetable oils.DISCUSSIONAlkyds are typically used in oxidatively drying pasteinks (for example, sheetfed).amine number (value), nthe relative number of NH3groups on a polyme

9、r or other molecule as determined by themilligrams of potassium hydroxide equivalent to the aminegroups in one gram of the material.antioxidant, norganic compound added to a resin, vehicle,or other material to retard oxidation, deterioration, andrancidity.apparent viscosity (VD), nmeasured viscosity

10、 of a non-Newtonian fluid at a particular shear rate D.DISCUSSIONA shear rate of 2500 s-1has been found useful forprinting inks.biocide, na substance that kills microorganisms such asbacteria, molds, slimes, fungi, etc.DISCUSSIONTypically used in aqueous printing ink systems.cellulose acetate butyra

11、te (CAB), nsynthetic polymersformed by the reaction of cellulose with acetic and butyricanhydrides.DISCUSSIONCAB is typically used in solvent based liquid inks.cellulose acetate proprionate (CAP), nsynthetic polymersformed by the reaction of cellulose with acetic and propionicanhydrides.DISCUSSIONCA

12、P is typically used in solvent based liquid inks.cellulose ester, ncellulose in which some or all of the freehydroxyl groups are replaced by acidic groups.cellulose ethers (ethyl cellulose), nsynthetic polymersformed by the reaction of wood pulp with sodium hydroxideand ethyl chloride.clarity, nthe

13、characteristic of a transparent body wherebydistinct high-contrast images or high-contrast objects (sepa-rated by some distance from the body) are observablethrough the body.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications an

14、d is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.37 on Ink Vehicles.Current edition approved March 1, 2013. Published June 2013. DOI: 10.1520/D780513.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStan

15、dards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1cloud point, npoint at which compatibility is lost causing aresin/solvent mixture to become turb

16、id and lose clarity.coagulum, nclot, curd, or coagulated albuminoid substance.cohesion, nforce by which the molecules of a substance areheld together.cold cut, ndispersion of resin into solvent using high sheardispersion without external heating.colloid, nsolid, liquid, or gaseous substance made up

17、of verysmall, insoluble, nondiffusible particles that remain in sus-pension in a surrounding solid, liquid, or gaseous medium ofdifferent patibility, nability of a mixture of two or more materialsto form a clear, homogeneous, and stable solution at roomtemperature.crosslinking, vunion of high-polyme

18、r molecules by a systeminvolving primary chemical bonds that is done either byaddition of a chemical substance (cross-linking agent),exposing the mixture to heat or by subjecting the polymer tohigh-energy radiation (UV or EB).cure, vthe chemical conversion from a wet film to a solid dryfilm.dissolut

19、ion, vpoint at which all resin completely dissolves inthe solvent.elastomer, nany rubber-like substance or polymer.exempt volatile compound, norganic compounds that donot participate significantly in atmospheric photochemicalreactions.electron beam, nconversion of an applied film from itsapplication

20、 state to its final use state by means of amechanism initiated by electron beam radiation generated byequipment designed for that purpose.energy curing, va graphic arts process for the conversion ofan ink or coating to a solid film whereby reactive materialsare polymerized when exposed to a high ene

21、rgy source suchas ultraviolet or an electron beam.evaporation, vchange from the liquid state to a gaseous orvapor state as when solvent leaves a wet film.film former, na material that when applied to a substrateprovides a continuous layer.fumaric resin, nsynthetic polymers formed by the additionreac

22、tion of fumaric acid to compounds containing conju-gated double bonds such as rosin, tall oil or rosin acid,followed by esterification with polyhydric acids.DISCUSSIONFumaric resins can be used in both liquid and pasteprinting inks.frequency sweep test, nan evaluation of the dynamicmechanical proper

23、ties, that is, the storage modulus and theloss of modulus, of attest material over a range offrequencies, for example, 100 to 0.1 radians/sec. One canspecify the frequency in units of Hz (cycles/sec.) 1 Hz = 6.28rad/sec.DISCUSSIONThe user provides a specified geometry, the oscillatorystrain or stres

24、s, the temperature of the test, and the required frequencyrange. The storage and loss moduli will be determined as a function offrequency.G, nelastic (storage) modulus obtained from an oscillatorytest represents the energy stored during each frequency cyclein which the stress is divided by the corre

25、sponding linearelastic strain.G“, nviscous (loss) modulus obtained from an oscillatorytest represents the amount of energy lost during eachfrequency cycle or the imaginary part of the complexmodulus (for shear).gel, nany polymer solution or more complex blend of resinsand alkyds that has been heat p

26、rocessed or reacted with agelling or cross-linking agent (for example, organo-aluminum compounds) to build molecular weight and thatexhibits a pseudoplastic rheology (also called gelled ve-hicle).gel length, nthe length of a string of gelled vehicle observedwhen pulling apart a small sample of vehic

27、le with a spatula(that is, a long gel is very fluid and forms a “long” filament;a short gel has little flow and forms a “short” filament).Rated as long, medium or short.gel seed, na non-homogeneous, gelatinous particle in a gelvehicle, often the result of poor mixing or localized over-reaction durin

28、g gelation.gelleant, nseegelling agent.gelation, vtime dependent process by which a liquid under-goes a transformation in rheology due to a three-dimensionalcross-linked network within the material.gelled vehicle, nseegel.gelling agent, na substance that modifies the rheologicalproperties of an ink

29、vehicle by a chemical reaction. Gellingagents or gellants are typically organoaluminum compoundsthat react with carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups presenton the backbone of resins and alkyds to form cross-linkednetworks (also called gellant).glass transition temperature, ntemperature at which amor-

30、phous material (such as glass or a high molecular weightpolymer) changes from a brittle, vitreous state to a plasticstate.grit, ncoarse foreign particles in a vehicle, often irregular inshape, that are hard, abrasive, and resistant to disintegration.gums, nnatural occurring resinous materials such a

31、s guar andxanthan that improve printability and rheology for waterbase ink systems.haze, na material that is not clear and somewhat cloudy.DISCUSSIONWhen applied to transparent materials, it is based on thepercentage of transmitted light that is scattered relative to that which istransmitted.D7805 1

32、32homopolymer, na polymer derived from a single monomer.hydrocarbon oil, npetroleum based oil that can be saturated,unsaturated, cyclic or aromatic in nature.hydrocarbon resin, npetroleum based resins that consistexclusively of carbon and hydrogen. May be aliphatic orcyclic in nature.DISCUSSIONHydro

33、carbon resins are typically used in lithographicinks.hydrolysis, vchemical reaction in which water reacts withanother substance to form one or more new substances.DISCUSSIONThis involves splitting of the water molecule into ions.hydroxyl number, nan indication of the relative number ofOH groups on a

34、 polymer or other molecule. Hydroxylnumber is determined by acetylation with acetic acid anhy-dride and titration of the excess anhydride with potassiumhydroxide.DISCUSSIONIn the case of a pure compound, the hydroxyl number isinversely proportional to the hydroxyl equivalent weight.incompatibility,

35、ninability of two or more materials to existin close and permanent association for an indefinite period.In printing ink vehicles, it is a resin and solvent mixture thatdoes not form a clear, homogeneous, and stable solution. Inprinting ink vehicles it is typified by a resin and solventmixture that i

36、s not uniform; consisting of an opaque ortwo-phase mixture.kauri butanol value (KB), na measure of the solvent powerof hydrocarbon solvents and oils.DISCUSSIONTitration with kauri gum butanol reagent. Values rangefrom 20, which represents low solvency, to 105, which is high solvency.latex, na white,

37、 free flowing liquid obtained from somespecies of shrubs and trees in which microscopically smallparticles or globules of nature rubber are suspended in awatery serum. Synthetic latex can be made through achemical process; examples include polystyrene, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and neoprene.ma

38、leic resin, nsynthetics polymer formed by the additionreaction of maleic anhydride to compounds containingconjugated double bonds such as rosin, tall oil or rosin acid,followed by esterification with polyhydric acids.DISCUSSIONMaleic resins can be used in both liquid and paste inks.methanol number,

39、na measurement of the solubility of anoffset resin or alkyd, based on the tolerance of a methanoltitration.monomer, nlow molecular weight material in the range of125 to 2100 that is capable of combining with itself or othersimilar molecules at its reactive sites to form polymers.DISCUSSIONMonomers c

40、an be used to reduce viscosity in energycurable systems.morphology, nthe shape, structure, or form of such sub-stances as high molecular weight polymers, crystals, rein-forcing agents, and the like.near-Newtonian liquid, nliquid in which the variation ofviscosity with shear rate is small and the eff

41、ect on viscosityof mechanical disturbances such as stirring is negligible.Newtonian liquid, na liquid where the viscosity is indepen-dent of the shear stress or shear rate.DISCUSSIONIf the ratio of shear stress to shear rate is not constant,the liquid is non-Newtonian.nitrocellulose resin, nnaturall

42、y derived polymer producedby treating cellulose with mixtures of nitric and sulfonicacids.DISCUSSIONNitrocellulose is typically used in solvent based liquidinks.non-Newtonian liquid, na liquid whose viscosity varieswith shear rate.DISCUSSIONSuch liquids may be either shear thinning (pseudoplas-tic)

43、or shear thickening (dilatant). Most printing inks are shear thinning.nonvolatile material, nsolid material remaining after vola-tiles have been removed from a coating under specified testconditions.novolac, nphenolic resins where the molar ratio of formal-dehyde to phenol is less than one.odor, nim

44、portant property of many substances manifested bya physiological sensation caused by contact of moleculeswith the olfactory nervous system.DISCUSSIONOdor and flavor are closely related and both areprofoundly affected by submicrogram amounts of volatile compounds.oleoresinous, na generic term for a c

45、ombination of oil andresin.DISCUSSIONExamples are oil based oxidizable, heatset, and letter-press inks and vehicles.oligomer, npolymers with an intermediate molecular weight,typically in the range of 440 to 7700.organosol, na suspension of polymer particles in organicsolvents, typically made with vi

46、nyl resins, solvents andplasticizers.phenolic resin, nsynthetic polymers formed by the reactionof phenols with formaldehyde.phenolic rosin ester, na specific class of rosin estersmodified with phenolic resins.photoinitiator, na substance that decomposes into freeradicals when exposed to light.polyam

47、ide resin, nsynthetic polymers formed by the reac-tion of polyamines with polycarboxylic acids.DISCUSSIONPolyamides based on dimer acids are widely used insolvent based liquid inks for foils and films.polyester resins, nsynthetic polymers formed by the reactionof dicarboxylic acids with polyhydric a

48、lcohols.polyethylene, nsynthetic homopolymers formed by the po-lymerization of gaseous ethylene.polymer, na large molecule or macromolecule composed ofmany monomer units.polystryrene resin, nsynthetic polymers formed by thepolymerization of styrene.D7805 133polyurethanes, nsynthetic polymers formed

49、by the reactionof polyisocyanates and polyhydric alcohols.DISCUSSIONPolyurethanes are used extensively in solvent based andwater based liquid inks, especially for film and foil.polyvinyl butyral (PVB), nsynthetic polymers formed bythe reaction of polyvinyl alcohol with butyraldehyde.DISCUSSIONPolyvinyl butyral is typically used in solvent basedliquid inks.polyvinyl chloride, nsynthetic polymer formed by the po-lymerization of vinyl chloride.DISCUSSIONMost PVC resins a