1、Designation: D7822 13Standard Practice forDermal Wipe Sampling for the Subsequent Determination ofMetals and Metalloids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7822; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the wet wipingof potentially exposed skin of workers for the subsequen
3、tdetermination of metals and metalloids.NOTE 1For guidance on collection of wipe samples on surfaces otherthan skin, refer to Guide D7659.1.2 This practice does not address the sampling designcriteria that are used for hazard evaluation, risk assessment, orother purposes.1.3 This practice contains n
4、otes that are explanatory and arenot part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This practice cannot replaceeducation or experience a
5、nd should be used in conjunction withprofessional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may beapplicable in all circumstances. This practice is not intended torepresent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacyof a given professional service must be judged, nor should thispractice b
6、e applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means onlythat the practice has been approved through the ASTMconsensus process.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespon
7、sibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD4840 Guide for Sample Chain
8、-of-Custody ProceduresD6966 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust SamplesUsing Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Determi-nation of MetalsD7144 Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals DeterminationD7659 Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of M
9、etalsand Metalloids for Worker ProtectionD7707 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Beryl-lium in Surface DustE1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Leadin Surface Dust2.2 ISO and European Standards:ISO 14294 Workplace atmospheresMeasurement of der-mal exposurePrinciples and me
10、thods3EN 689 Workplace AtmospheresGuidance for the Assess-ment of Exposure by Inhalation to Chemical Agents forComparison with Limit Values and Measurement Strat-egy4EN 1540 Workplace exposureTerminology43. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms not listed here, see TerminologyD1356.3.2 Definitions
11、:3.2.1 agentany chemical or biological entity on its own oradmixed as it occurs in the natural state or as produced by anywork activity, whether or not produced intentionally andwhether or not placed on the market. EN 6891This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on AirQuality
12、 and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace AirQuality.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published April 2013. DOI: 10.1520/D7822-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Bo
13、ok of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), AvenueM
14、arnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cen.eu.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.2 dermal exposureprocess of contact between anagent and human skin at an exposure surface over an exposureperiod. ISO 142943.2.2
15、.1 DiscussionDermal exposure can originate fromcontact with surfaces or from airborne contaminants. Theexposure period may or may not be known.3.2.3 dermal exposure loadingdermal exposure mass di-vided by the dermal exposure surface area. ISO 142943.2.3.1 DiscussionFor practical reasons dermal expos
16、ureloading can be expressed as the mass divided by area-averagedskin contaminant layer surface area in mg/cm2.3.2.4 dermal exposure massmass of agent present in thedermal contact volume. ISO 142943.2.4.1 DiscussionFor practical reasons, dermal exposuremass is defined by the amount of agent present i
17、n the skincontaminant layer. The outcome of the process of dermalexposure (that is, the contact) can be expressed by differentparameters of exposure, such as mg/cm2, or mg/hand, thoughascertaining the exact area of the exposure is preferred.3.2.5 dermal exposure surfacethe skin surface area wherean
18、agent is present. ISO 142943.2.5.1 DiscussionFor practical reasons this may be de-termined from a two dimensional representation, such as atracing of the hand for the skin contaminant layer in cm2.Itmay also be represented by specifying the part of the body witha description of the anatomical limits
19、 of the sampling area (forexample, the hand as far as the wrist).3.2.6 skin contaminant layercompartment on top of thestratum corneum of the human skin formed by sebum lipids,sweat and additional water from transepidermal water loss,also including products from cornification and unshedcorneocytes. I
20、SO 142943.2.7 workplacethe defined area or areas in which thework activities are carried out. EN 15404. Summary of Practice4.1 Wipe samples of workers skin are collected fromestimated dermal surface areas with wetted wipes using aspecified wiping procedure.4.2 The collected wipes are then ready for
21、subsequentdetermination of the metals and metalloids of interest by usingspectrometry or other laboratory analysis techniques such asatomic or mass spectrometry.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for the collection of samples ofskin contamination to be used for the estimation of de
22、rmalexposure to metals and metalloids. The practice is meant foruse in the collection of dermal samples that are of interest inhazard evaluation, risk assessment, or other purposes. Thispractice is meant to provide a standardized means for estimat-ing exposures to body parts that are potentially exp
23、osed viadermal contact with airborne or surface contaminants, or both.5.2 The techniques described in this practice may notaccurately reflect the transferability or bioavailability of metalor metalloid residues by way of dermal contact.5.3 Additional information on the principles and methodsfor the
24、measurement of dermal exposure can be found in ISO14294.6. Materials6.1 Wipes, for collection of metals samples from skinsurfaces. The background metal(s) content of the wipes shouldbe as low as possible. At a maximum, the background level oftarget metal(s) shall be no more than one-tenth the target
25、concentration the metal(s) to be measured. Wipes shall be fullywetted prior to use. Wipes may be wetted on site in the field bythe person collecting the samples, or may be purchasedpre-wetted.NOTE 2Wipes meeting the requirements of Specification E1792 orD7707, or both, may be suitable.6.2 Sample Con
26、tainers, sealable, disposable, clean rigid-walled, of sufficient volume for the wiping material to be used.NOTE 3Screw-top plastic centrifuge tubes are an example of asuitable rigid-walled sample container.6.3 Measuring Tool, tape or ruler, capable of measuring to60.1 cm.6.4 Disposable Gloves, powde
27、r-free, to avoid the possibilityof contamination and to protect hands from contact with toxicand corrosive substances. PVC or nitrile gloves are suitable.6.5 Cleaning Cloths, for cleaning of templates and otherequipment.6.6 Digital camera or graph paper, if necessary for assis-tance in estimating th
28、e surface area of the skin surfacesampled.6.7 Timer, when necessary to measure the sampling timeperiod.6.8 Sampling Templates, one or more of the following: 25cm2(for example, 5 cm by 5 cm minimum dimensions);reusable or disposable flexible plastic template(s) (for example,full-square, rectangular,
29、ovals, circles and triangles); or tem-plates of alternative areas having accurately known dimensions(see Practice D6966). Templates shall be flexible or otherwisecapable of being adjusted (that is, flexible) to conform to theskin surface. To minimize the risk of cross-contamination, theuse of dispos
30、able templates is generally preferred. Reusabletemplates shall be cleaned prior to each use.6.9 Marker, permanent or semi-permanent (metal-free ink)may be used in place of the template (see 6.8) to mark the areaof skin to be wiped.NOTE 4Caution should be exercised to avoid disturbing or touchingthe
31、area to be sampled when marking the sampling area.6.10 Medical Tape (adhesive tape) may be used instead of asampling template (see 6.8) to mark an area of skin to be wipedor to immobilize the sampling template on the skin.NOTE 5Caution should be exercised to avoid disturbing or touchingthe area to b
32、e sampled when marking the sampling area.7. Procedure7.1 Sampling:D7822 1327.1.1 Sampling EffciencyIt is recommended to conductsampling efficiency studies prior to field sampling, underconditions that are similar to conditions of exposure regardingexposure process, levels of skin loading, and time o
33、f residenceof the compound on the skin before collecting field samples.(1), (2)5NOTE 6Based on the results of sampling efficiency studies, it may bedesirable to use more than one wipe for a specific sampling event. Thenumber of wipes to be used should be specified prior to performing thesampling.7.1
34、.2 Wipe Method:7.1.2.1 Hand Sample Collection:(1) The person collecting the sample opens a wipe packetand without touching the wipe, offers it to the subject whoseexposure is to be evaluated (3).(2) The subject is instructed to remove the wipe from thepacket, and unfold it.(3) The subject is instruc
35、ted to wipe the palms first, thenthe top surfaces of both sides of the subjects hands, includingthe fingers (using normal hand washing pressure).(4) The subject is instructed to wipe the hands for a periodof not less than 30 seconds.(5) After wiping is finished, the subject is instructed toplace the
36、 wipe into a clean, labeled sampling container.NOTE 7If the palms of the hands are dirtier than the back of the hands,it is recommended to wipe the back of the hands before the palms (that is,begin on the cleaner side and move to the dirtier side).7.1.2.2 Sample Collection for Skin Other than Hands:
37、(1) An area of skin, with the minimum 25 cm2area to bewiped, is demarcated by the person collecting or assisting incollecting the sample.(2) A template (see 6.8) is placed on the surface of the skinof the exposed person and held in place (manually or with tape)while the sample is collected. Alternat
38、ively, the area of skin tobe wiped is marked using a ruler and marker (see 6.9)ormedical tape.(3) Where the surface area of the body part cannot easily bemeasured (for example, ears or nose), or circumstances do notpermit measurement of the body part, a description of theanatomical limits of the bod
39、y part being wiped should be notedand those limits adhered to for all similar samples.(4) The person collecting the sample thoroughly wipes theexposed skin surface. If applicable, sample collection shall beconducted using the patterns starting from the perimeter andworking towards the interior of th
40、e area to be wiped (see Fig.1).(5) After sample collection, the wipe used for sampling istransferred to a clean, labeled sample container.7.1.3 LabelingAfter the wipe sample has been placed inthe sample container, label the container with sufficient infor-mation to uniquely and indelibly identify th
41、e sample, andrecord the dimensions (in cm2, if applicable) of the selectedsampling area (that is, the internal dimensions defined by thetemplate, the taped area or the estimation of the hand surfacearea, if applicable).7.1.4 Sample TransportCollected samples shall be trans-ported to a laboratory for
42、 analysis following appropriatechain-of-custody procedures (see Guide D4840).7.1.5 Estimation of Exposed Skin Surface Area of theHandIf desired, the exposed area of the wiped hand can beestimated using one of the following techniques:7.1.5.1 Place the wiped hand on a piece of graph papersubdivided i
43、n cm2, and trace the hand with a pen to include theentire area that was wiped, as shown in Fig. 2. Estimate thesurface area as described in 7.1.5.3.7.1.5.2 Photograph the wiped hand, including a vertical andhorizontal scale in cm such that the length and circumferenceof the hand (see Fig. 2) can be
44、determined. Estimate the surfacearea as described in 7.1.5.3.7.1.5.3 An estimate of the hand surface area can be calcu-lated using a method described by Li, et al. (4). This estimationis performed as follows:(1) The hand length, in cm, is measured from the center ofthe wrist, at the metacarpal phala
45、ngeal joint, to the tip of themiddle finger, as shown in Fig. 2, using a flexible ruler.(2) The hand circumference, in cm, is measured at themetacarpal phalangeal joint, as shown in Fig. 2, using a flexibleruler.(3) The estimated hand surface area, HSA, is calculatedusing the equation:HSA 5 1.219 3
46、HL 3 HC (1)where:HSA = calculated estimate of hand surface area, in cm2HL = hand length, in cmHC = hand circumference, in cm7.2 Field BlanksAt least one field blank for every 20samples, or five percent of the total number of samples,whichever is greater, shall be set aside from the samplematerials.
47、At least three blanks are required per analyticalbatch. Field blanks shall take into account the material(template, marker, or medical tape) used for demarcation of thearea being wiped, to correct for any metal contamination thatmay be caused by the material used. Field blanks shall beplaced in samp
48、le containers that are labeled in the same fashionas the collected dermal samples (see 7.1.4) prior to beingtransported to a laboratory for subsequent analysis.5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.FIG. 1 Wiping Pattern Starting from Perimeter
49、and Working To-wards the Interior of the Sampling AreaD7822 1337.3 Chain of CustodyFollow sampling chain of custodyprocedures to ensure sample traceability. Ensure that thedocumentation which accompanies the samples is suitable fora chain of custody to be established in accordance with GuideD4840.8. Records8.1 Log Forms and NotebooksField data related to samplecollection shall be documented in a sample log form or fieldnotebook (see Note 8). If field notebooks are used, then theyshall be bound with pre-numbered pages. All entries on sampledata form
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