1、Designation: D7831 13Standard Practice forSampling of Tanks by Field Personnel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7831; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers information for field personnel tofollow in order to collect samples from tanks.1.2 The purpose of this practice is to help field
3、personnel inplanning and obtaining samples from vertical and horizontaltanks, open-topped rectangular/square tanks, railroad and trucktankers, vacuum trucks and tanks with multiple compartmentsusing equipment and techniques that will assist in meeting thesampling objectives.1.3 The practice is appli
4、cable to hazardous materials,products, raw materials, by-product, or waste.1.4 Sampling from circulating pump discharge valves andtank transfer lines are not addressed in this practice.1.5 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses a
5、remathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety
6、 and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Wa
7、ste SitesD5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assuranceand Quality Control Planning and ImplementationD5495 Practice for Sampling With a Composite LiquidWaste Sampler (COLIWASA)D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste ManagementD5792 Pract
8、ice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment forWaste and Contaminated Media Data CollectionActivitiesD6759 Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Grab and Dis-crete Depth SamplersD
9、7353 Practice for Sampling of Liquids in Waste Manage-ment Activities Using a Peristaltic Pump3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer toTerminology D5681.3.1.2 tank, nstationary device designed to contain anaccumulated material that is constructed of no
10、n-earthen mate-rials that provide structural support.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIt may be appropriate to consider vari-ous containers (portable devices), such as roll offs, tankertrucks, and rail tank cars, as tanks for sampling purposes, evenif they meet a regulatory definition of a container.4. Summary of
11、Practice4.1 This practice addresses sampling planning includingpre-sampling and site inspections.4.2 This practice lists some of the factors that should beconsidered when collecting tank content samples.4.3 Sampling procedures for the equipment needed tosample vertical and horizontal tanks, open-top
12、ped rectangular/square tanks, railroad and truck tankers, vacuum trucks andtanks with multiple compartments are presented.4.4 Sampling procedures to sample single and stratifiedmaterials and wastes are addressed.4.5 It is not intended to cover all equipment that might bepurchased or custom made, nor
13、 does the guide address everysampling situation that is encountered in the field.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended to assist field personnel inobtaining samples from tanks for laboratory analysis. The cost1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManag
14、ement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 onSampling Techniques.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published May 2013. DOI: 10.1520/D7831-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annua
15、l Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1associated with sampling and analysis make it essential thatsamples be taken c
16、orrectly before submitting them for chemi-cal analysis, physical testing, or both. Incorrect sampling caninvalidate resulting data.5.2 This practice provides guidance in choosing the sam-pling technique and equipment suitable for specific situations.It is recommended that this guide be used as a sup
17、plement toa written field sampling plan.5.3 The procedures for sampling tanks using a COLIWASA,liquid profiler sampler, Bacon Bomb sampler, and peristalticpump and tubing are delineated.6. Objective of Sampling6.1 The purpose of sampling is to collect a representativesample of all or part of the con
18、tents of the tank to determine thephysical and chemical characteristics of those contents. Thisinformation may then be used to:6.1.1 Select suitable methods of treatment and disposal ofthe contents,6.1.2 Provide evidence for use in a court of law,6.1.3 Confirm that the tank contains what is written
19、on theinventory sheets,6.1.4 Confirm that the tank car or truck contains what iswritten on the manifest or other type of documentation.6.2 In most cases, there is a written plan that describes thework to be done (Practice D4687). In other cases, there is nowritten plan and the instructions are only
20、verbal.6.3 If the objectives of sampling are unclear or unknown tothe field personnel, they should question their supervisor orproject manager about the objectives. Well-informed fieldpersonnel are then alert to unforeseen circumstances or eventsthat might invalidate the samples.7. Pre-Sampling Insp
21、ection7.1 Information about the contents of the tanks may beavailable from:7.1.1 Previous analysis of tank contents,7.1.2 Records or knowledge of the plant process or othersources of the material in the tank,7.1.3 Shipping manifest documents.7.2 Personnel doing the pre-sampling and sampling must bea
22、ware of any special procedures that are to be followed at thegiven site. Work plans shall include a worker health and safetysection because there are potential hazards associated withopening tanks as well as with potentially hazardous contents.Examples of special procedures are donning appropriate p
23、ro-tective clothing, personal protective equipment, use of safetyequipment of various kinds, evacuation procedures, fire andexplosion procedures and vehicle cleaning procedures such aswater washing before leaving the site or storage area, and manyothers that would be site or storage specific.7.3 Vis
24、ually inspect the tank. The type of tank and construc-tion material, along with any markings on the tank, mayindicate information about the contents.7.3.1 Special precautions should be taken when the tank isin poor condition such as a material leaking from the tanksides, pumps, and flanges. If the t
25、ank ladders are rusted orcorroded, this might indicate that the tank manway or othercovers may be difficult to open and the ladders unsafe to use.7.3.2 Labels and records about a tank may not be accurate.This is especially true for tanks containing multiple wastematerials or tanks that contain strat
26、ified materials.7.4 Examples of different tanks, and tank-like containers,include:7.4.1 Vertical tanks, often used for storage of petroleum andpetroleum waste product and various other chemicals.7.4.2 Horizontal tanks, common as railroad and truck tankercars, vacuum trucks, and for storage of waste
27、materials andproducts at facilities. Many of these tanks have multiplecompartments and each compartment may need to be sampledseparately.7.4.3 Open-topped rectangular and square tanks, common atelectroplating facilities and batch processing plants. These canalso include concrete sumps with vertical
28、walls.7.5 The sampling tools, sampling equipment, and samplecontainer shall be selected based on information gathered in theinitial characterization of the tank, its contents and possiblesampling points.7.6 Potential sampling points should be evaluated for safetyand accessibility.7.6.1 Tools needed
29、to remove the manway or other coversshould be non-sparking and intrinsically safe.7.7 The following information shall be gathered and re-corded in the field logbook as applicable:7.7.1 Tank type (that is, horizontal, vertical) dimensions,volume, and conditions (that is, corroded, rusted, leakingcont
30、ents, and so forth). A sketch of the tank, showing dimen-sions and depths of contents should be recorded.7.7.2 Physical characteristics (that is, color, viscosity, par-ticle size, and so forth) and quantity and depth of containerizedmaterial.7.7.3 All writing, stencils, labels, or other identifying
31、mark-ings on the tank (that is, flammability and or reactivity labels,product name and hazards, and so forth).7.7.4 Appropriate screening instrument and method read-ings of the tank head space gases or contents, or both (forexample, organic vapor analyzer and photo ionizationdetectors, combustible g
32、as indicators (CGI), pH paper, or meterreadings.8. Selection of Suitable Sampling Procedure8.1 The physical state(s) of the material(s) being sampled isan important criterion when sampling.8.2 A tank containing one liquid, such as water or a mixtureof liquids, such as a stable emulsion like hand cre
33、am, that doesnot separate into two layers regardless of time, is said tocontain one phase. A tank containing two liquids, such as oiland water, which form two distinct layers when they are notstirred is said to contain two phases.8.3 When it is necessary to know the amounts of solid andliquid layers
34、 in a tank, a calibrated measuring device (tapemeasure weighted with a plumb bob) or the samplingD7831 132equipment, (for example, a COLIWASA or liquid profiler) canbe inserted into the opened tank and the liquid level measured.8.4 Tanks should be sampled via the top hatch, samplingport, or manway,
35、and not at the bottom or side valves. Bottomand side valves could fail and cause a catastrophic release ofmaterial. If the tank contents are a single liquid and all safetyconcerns are known to be addressed, sampling from tanktransfer valves, circulating pump discharge valves or otherentry ports may
36、be attempted. When sampling from the top ofany tank, extreme caution should be used. The tops of manytanks have limited space and are not designed to support heavyloads which may require man-lifts. Long sampling devices(7-15 ft 2.2-4.6 m) are easier to operate with two or morepeople.8.5 For many sam
37、pling objectives or DQOs (PracticeD5792) a full vertical column of tank contents should becollected as the sample.ACOLIWASAor liquid profiler can beused to collect a column of liquid sample if the tank has avertical dimension that is less than the maximum length of theavailable sampling instrument (
38、usually 15 ft 4.6 m or less).When using equipment that is designed to sample the verticalcolumn of a liquid such as the COLIWASA or liquid profiler,it is important that all of the devices contents be emptied intothe sample container so that all phases will be represented inthe correct ratios. If mor
39、e sample volume is needed for theanalyses, only re-deploy the device if its entire contents can beplaced in the sample container.NOTE 1Prior to sampling, the volume of the tank, samplecontainer(s), and sampling equipment should be assessed and sizedappropriately.NOTE 2COLIWASA and liquid profiler sa
40、mplers, due to their design,usually discriminate against the very bottom of tank contents, by neglect-ing to sample the bottom materials. A peristaltic pump or other tankbottom samplers in D6232 could be used to sample tank bottoms.8.6 Sampling depths greater than 15-ft (4.6-m) alternateequipment, s
41、uch as a bacon bomb or peristaltic pump isrequired. See Guide D6232 and Practice D5759 for otherdevices.8.7 Solids in tanks are sampled using core tube samplers,thin-walled tubes, and augers. If the tank is empty, shovels andscoops can be used.8.8 A separate sample collected from the very top of the
42、liquid level in the tank may be needed if “lighter” stratifiedmaterials/waste may be present, such as oils, alcohols, orbenzene/toluene/xylene (BTX) compounds or bottom of thetank if “heavier” stratified materials/waste is present. The topand bottom of each interphase is generally determined tocalcu
43、late the amount of each in the tank.9. COLIWASA Sampling Device9.1 There are two main types of COLIWASA: (1) A4ft(1.2-m) or less glass outer tube with a glass inter tube that sealseither with a glass bulb or Fluoropolymerseal (Fig. 1) and (2)an 8- to 15-ft (2.4- to 3-m) polypropylene/plastic type tu
44、be or“tank” sampler with a stopper at one end attached by a rodrunning the length of the tube to a locking mechanism at theother end (Fig. 2).10. Procedure for the 4 ft (1.2-m) COLIWASA10.1 Use a clean and properly functioning COLIWASA forsampling. It is essential that the stopper at the bottom of t
45、hesampling tube closes securely.10.2 Open the COLIWASA by placing the stopper or intertube mechanism in the open position.10.3 Lower the tapered end of the outer sampling tube intothe liquid waste at a rate that allows the liquid level inside andoutside the tube to equalize. If the level of the liqu
46、id in thesample tube is lower than that outside the sampler, thesampling rate is too fast and a non-representative sample willresult.10.4 Continue lowering the sample tube until the bottom ofthe tank is felt. If sludge is encountered near the bottom of thetank, check sampling objectives to determine
47、 whether tocollect the sludge or not. If the sludge is to be collected,continue sampling and include this material in the sample.10.5 Use the stopper or tube mechanism to close theCOLIWASA when it reaches the desired depth.10.6 Slowly withdraw the sampler from the liquid, keepingthe seal closed and
48、holding the tube in a vertical position.Either wipe the exterior of the sampler tube with a disposablecloth or rag or allow excess liquid to drain back into the wastecontainer (tank).10.7 Place the lower end of the COLIWASAinto the bottomof the sampling container and, slowly open the stopper or glas
49、stube to discharge the sample.10.8 Seal the sample container; attach the label and seal;record in the field logbook the sampling method and otherimportant field information; and complete the chain-of-custodyrecord if required.10.9 Decontaminate the used equipment in accordance withPractice D5088.FIG. 1 COLIWASAD7831 13311. Procedure for the 8 to 15 feet (2.4 to 4.6 m)COLIWASA11.1 Use a clean and properly functioning COLIWASA. It isessential that the stopper at the bottom of the sampling tubecloses securely.11.2 Open the COLIWASA by placing the stopper mecha-nism in the op
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