1、Designation: D7853 13Standard Test Method forHydraulic Pullout Resistance of a Geomembrane withLocking Extensions Embedded in Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7853; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hy-draulic pullout resistance of a geomembrane
3、 with lockingextensions embedded in concrete by determining the pressurerequired for locking extensions of the embedded specimen topullout of the concrete.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only and are not con
4、sidered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to us
5、e.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A1064 Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and WeldedWire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for ConcreteC31 Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Speci-mens in the FieldC39 Test Method for Compressive Strength of CylindricalConcrete SpecimensC94 Sp
6、ecification for Ready-Mixed ConcreteD618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of SolidPlastics Specimens3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of terms applying to this test method appearin Terminology D4439.4. Summary of
7、Test Method4.1 A geomembrane with locking extensions on at least onesurface is embedded into concrete. The pullout resistance isdetermined by measuring the maximum pressure required toinitiate pullout of the locking extensions from the concrete.Alternatively, the geomembrane with locking extensions
8、isembedded in concrete and pressurized to a specified pressure toverify whether a minimum level of in-place strength has beenattained.5. Significance and Use5.1 Due to hydraulic pressure that may be present on someapplications, engineers need to understand the capability ofthese products to resist t
9、his pressure. This test allows engineersto compare products and verify pullout strength.5.2 Hydraulic pullout resistance is a function of lockingextension dimensions, locking extension geometry, lockingextensions per area, locking extension polymer composition,and the properties of the concrete in w
10、hich the lockingextensions are embedded.5.3 The data from this test method provides comparativeinformation for rating hydraulic pullout resistance of differentgeomembranes with locking extensions embedded in concrete.Hydraulic pullout resistance, while partly dependent on lock-ing extension dimensio
11、ns, has no simple correlation to lockingextension dimensions and geometry. Hence, hydraulic pulloutresistance cannot be determined with a small sample withoutpotentially producing misleading data to the actual hydraulicpullout resistance of the material. Therefore, the hydraulicpullout resistance is
12、 expressed in kPa (lbs/ft2).5.4 The apparatus can be circular or square in nature musthave a test area of 0.36 m2(558 in.2).5.5 Fig. 1 shows an example of a circular test apparatus thatcan be used in the performance of this test. The apparatusrequires a pressure vessel rated to a minimum 690 kPa (14
13、 410lbs/ft2). The vessel test diameter should be a minimum of677.04 mm (26.655 in.) as shown in Fig. 1.NOTE 1Larger vessels may be used but it is up to user to establishcorrelation to the standard size vessel. The use of a smaller diameter vesselthan denoted in standard may contribute to higher pull
14、out resistance dueto thickness or stiffness of some products.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee on Geosynthet-ics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on MechanicalProperties.Current edition approved March 1, 2013. Published March 2013. DOI: 10.1520/D785
15、313.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO B
16、ox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.6 Test Pedestalthe base of the testing apparatus whichholds the test specimen.5.7 Upper Flangeis the flange that is bolted down on topof specimen to create a seal.5.8 Formis an aluminum ring used to form test specimenas shown in Fig. 2.5.9 S
17、pecimen Ringthe solid ring that is placed around testspecimen to contain leakage through the concrete.FIG. 1 Picture of Circular test apparatusFIG. 2 Bottom of Form with Studs facing up and cylinder spacerD7853 1325.10 The vessel will have a system to measure pressure.5.10.1 The system for measuring
18、 pressure shall be capableof being read to an accuracy of 3.5 kPa (0.5 psi).5.11 Concrete shall be a ready-mixed concrete per Specifi-cation C94 with a minimum cured compressive strength of34 473.8 kPa (5 000 psi).NOTE 2Alternate concrete or grout mixtures may be used for projectspecific application
19、s with the approval of the owner or engineer.5.12 All tests shall be conducted at standard laboratorytemperatures of 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F).6. Test Specimens6.1 Cut the test specimens large enough to ensure a goodseal while maintaining a 677.04 mm (26.655 inches) indiameter testable specimen.6.2 Do n
20、ot use test specimens with defects or any otherabnormalities, unless this is the item of interest.6.3 Test three replicate specimens on each sample unlessotherwise noted.NOTE 3This test may be used to test the seamed areas of differentproducts.7. Preparation of Embedded Specimen7.1 Geomembrane is pl
21、aced in bottom of form with lockingextensions in the direction, as shown in Fig. 2.7.2 Outer perimeter locking extensions are removed toallow upper flange to compress against lower gasket andgeomembrane surface to complete seal.7.2.1 Locking extensions can be removed with a grinder orplanar device.N
22、OTE 4Caution should be used to avoid damage to the specimen.7.3 Reinforcement for the concrete test specimen shallconsist of reinforcement meeting the requirements of Specifi-cation A1064.7.4 A 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) cylinder is inserted in middle ofspecimen to provide void space to assure water pressur
23、ereaches the specimen surface during testing per Fig. 2. Thereshall be as many ports as needed to assure that the test pressureis uniform throughout the complete test area of the specimen.7.5 Concrete shall be placed into the form in a minimum oftwo layers with each layer being consolidated by roddi
24、ng orvibration. The final layer shall be compacted and flush with thetop of the test specimen and allowed to set.7.6 Curing of concrete shall be per Practice C31.7.7 Cylinder is removed and any concrete blocking passage-way is removed.8. Conditioning8.1 ConditioningConcrete should be allowed to cure
25、 tothe specified compressive strength prior to any testing. Curingtime and conditions are as specified by Practice C31.8.1.1 Specimens may be tested once the material hasreached temperature equilibrium. The time required to reachtemperature equilibrium may vary according to the manufac-turing proces
26、s, material type, and material structure.8.1.2 Compressive strength will be determined per TestMethod C39.8.2 Test ConditionsConduct tests in the standard labora-tory atmosphere of 23 6 2 C (73.4 6 3.6 F).9. Procedure9.1 The embedded specimen is placed onto test vessel.9.2 Gaskets are placed between
27、 the concrete and testpedestal, between the geomembrane and concrete at the sealingperimeter, and between the geomembrane and upper flange asshown in Fig. 3.9.3 The specimen ring is placed around the specimen.9.4 The upper flange is clamped to the pedestal.NOTE 5Caution must be used to prevent fract
28、ure of the concreteduring tightening of the bolts.9.5 An initial holding pressure of 206.9 kPa (30 psi) isapplied to specimen for a minimum of 200 h.NOTE 6Engineers may need to perform test with longer durationtimes at a single pressure and other site specific conditions to considerconcerns of creep
29、 for the product they are using for their project.NOTE 7A lower initial holding pressure may be required for someproducts. This should be agreed on by the owner or engineer.9.6 Increase pressure in 34.7 kPa (5 psi) increments everyhour until locking extension pullout from concrete occurs.9.7 Failure
30、 is determined by visual observation of lockingextensions pulled out of concrete.9.8 Record the failure mode, as listed in Table 1.9.9 Repeat the above with two additional specimens fromthe same product sample.NOTE 8A failure mode in concrete is not acceptable for direct productcomparison. However,
31、it may be acceptable if the pullout resistance ishigher than project specific requirement for which testing is being done.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-ing type, material thickness, source, manufacturers codenumber.10.1.
32、2 Size of test area, if other than standard.10.1.3 A complete description of the concrete or grout usedin performing the test.10.1.4 Value of compressive strength of concrete used.10.1.5 Conditions under which test was performed, if otherthan standard.10.1.6 Average thickness of material.10.1.7 Numb
33、er of specimens tested.10.1.8 Average value of hydraulic pullout resistance in kPa(lbs/ft2).10.1.9 Description of the failure with the failure mode oftest as listed in Table 1.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test has not beenestablished yet.D7853 13311.2 BiasThe bias of thi
34、s test method cannot be evaluatedsince hydraulic pullout resistance can only be determined interms of this test method.12. Keywords12.1 concrete liners; concrete protection; geomembranes;liners; pullout resistance; studsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent right
35、s asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any t
36、ime by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will
37、 receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM
38、 International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or
39、through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).FIG. 3 Cross-section view for Gasket placementTABLE 1 Failure Modes of TestFailure ModeDesignationFailure ModeLP Locking extensions pullout from embedmentLB Locking extensions break from liner surfaceCF Concrete fails before locking extension failureLF Liner in between studs failD7853 134
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