1、Designation: D7862 15D7862 15aStandard Specification forButanol for Blending with Gasoline for Use as AutomotiveSpark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7862; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers butanol intended to be blended with gasoline at 11 % to 12.5 12.
3、5 % by volume % for use as anautomotive spark-ignition engine fuel.1.1.1 Butanol contains 22 22 % by mass % oxygen. The mass %percent of oxygen of a butanol blend with gasoline dependson the volume %percent of butanol blended, the density of the butanol isomer, and the density of the base blendstock
4、.1.1.2 The maximum limit on blending is not a performance limit but a current regulatory limit in the United States.1.2 This specification covers three butanol isomers:1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol. This specification specifi-cally excludes 2-methyl-2-propanol (that is, tert-butyl al
5、cohol).1.2.1 Tert-butyl alcohol has different physical properties (melting point, water miscibility) than the other three isomers.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to addres
6、s all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D381 Test Method f
7、or Gum Content in Fuels by Jet EvaporationD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents and Chemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and RelatedProd
8、uctsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative MicrocoulometryD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liqui
9、ds by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
10、Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling
11、 of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-ment System PerformanceD7319 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Potential Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel E
12、thanol and Butanol byDirect Injection Suppressed Ion Chromatography1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.A0 on Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels.Current edition approved
13、March 1, 2015Oct. 1, 2015. Published March 2015October 2015. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 20132015 asD7862 13.D7862 15. DOI: 10.1520/D7862-15.10.1520/D7862-15A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at se
14、rviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version
15、. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section
16、 appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D7875 Test Method for Determination of Butanol and Acetone Content of Butanol for Blending with Gasoline by GasChromatographyE29 Practice for Using Si
17、gnificant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer TitrationE300 Practice for Sampling Industrial ChemicalsE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration3. Terminology3.1 For general
18、 terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.NOTE 1The user is advised that the definitions used by various industries, marketers, and regulatory bodies can differ from those specific to thisspecification. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the terms used in a particular context are cle
19、arly understood.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, generally containing small amounts of additives, suitable for useas a fuel in spark-ignition, internal combustion engines. D48143.2.2 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing, ashless, organic compound, such as an al
20、cohol or ether, which may be used as a fuelor fuel supplement. D48143.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 butanol, nbutanol or butyl alcohol refers to 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl 1-propanol, three isomeric alcohols withthe molecular formula C4H9OH, either individually or as
21、 mixtures.4. Performance Requirements4.1 ButanolButanol shall conform to the requirements shown in Table 1 at the time of blending with a gasoline. (See Note2.)NOTE 2Commercial processes used to manufacture butanol from biological feedstock typically yield some fusel oil or alcohols such as pentanol
22、 andother higher alcohols.4.1.1 For purposes of determining conformance with these specification limits, an observed value or a calculated value shall berounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with therounding method
23、 of Practice E29. For a specification limit expressed as an integer, a trailing zero is significant only if the decimalpoint is specified. For a specified limit expressed as an integer, and the right-most digit is non-zero, the right-most digit issignificant without a decimal point being specified.
24、This convention applies to specified limits in Table 1 and will not be observedin the remainder of this specification.4.2 Other PropertiesLimits more restrictive than those specified above, or the specification of additional properties such ascolor, may be agreed upon between the supplier and the pu
25、rchaser.5. Workmanship5.1 The At the point of custody transfer, the butanol shall be visually free of sediment sediment, suspended andsuspendedundissolved matter. It shall be clear and bright at the ambient temperature or 21C, whichever is higher.fuel temperatureat the point of custody transfer or a
26、t a lower temperature agreed upon by the purchaser and seller.TABLE 1 RequirementsProperty Limit MethodButanol, volume %, min 96.0 D7875Butanol, % by volume, min 96.0 D78751-butanol, volume % Report D78751-butanol, % by volume Report D78752-butanol, volume % Report D78752-butanol, % by volume Report
27、 D78752-methyl 1-propanol, volume % Report D78752-methyl 1-propanol, % by volume Report D7875Methanol, volume % max 0.4 D7875Methanol, % by volume, max 0.4 D7875Water content, volume %, max 1.0 E203 or E1064Water content, % by volume , max 1.0 E203 or E1064Acidity (as acetic acid CH3COOH), mass % (m
28、g/L), max 0.007 (56) D1613Acidity (as acetic acid CH3COOH), % by mass (mg/L),max0.007 (56) D1613Inorganic Chloride, mg/kg (mg/L), max 8 (6) D7319Solvent-washed gum, mg/100 mL, max 5.0 D381Sulfur, mg/kg, max 30. D2622, D5453Existent sulfate, mg/kg, max 4. D7319D7862 15a2NOTE 3Fuel components should b
29、e resistant to phase separation or undissolved matter at the lowest temperatures to which it is likely to be subjected,dependent on the time and place of its intended use. See Specification D4814, Table X7.1 for guidance.NOTE 4Solubility is temperature dependent. As this fuel component cools, water
30、and some high molecular weight additives can become insoluble.5.2 The product shall be free of any adulterant or contaminant that can render the material unacceptable for its commonly usedapplications.5.2.1 Manufacturers and importers of butanol shall avoid butanol contaminated by silicon-containing
31、 materials. Siliconcontamination of gasoline-oxygenate blends has led to fouled vehicle components (for example, spark plugs, exhaust oxygensensors, catalytic converters) requiring parts replacement and repairs.5.2.2 Manufacturers and importers of butanol shall avoid butanol contaminated by acetone.
32、 Acetone contamination ofgasoline-oxygenate blends can degrade elastomers used in fuel system components as well as paint and/or clearcoat finishes usedon vehicles.6. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling6.1 The user is strongly advised to review all intended test methods prior to sampling to un
33、derstand the importance and effectsof sampling technique, proper containers, and special handling required for each test method.6.2 Correct sampling procedures are critical to obtain a sample representative of the lot intended to be tested. Use appropriateprocedures in Practice D4057 or Practice E30
34、0 for manual method sampling and in Practice D4177 for automatic method sampling,as applicable.6.3 The correct sample volume and appropriate container selection are important decisions that can impact test results. Referto Practice D4306 for aviation fuel container selection for tests sensitive to t
35、race contamination. Refer to Practice D5854 forprocedures on container selection and sample mixing and handling. All sampling and storage containers should be evaluated fordurability and contamination of butanol prior to use. Butanol may be sampled in glass containers; however sodium leaching fromgl
36、ass containers has been shown to interfere with sulfate analysis. HDPE (high density polyethylene) containers may be used inplace of glass to avoid sodium leaching. If samples must be collected in metal containers, do not use soldered metal containers.Soldering flux in the containers and lead in the
37、 solder can contaminate the sample.6.4 Sample SizeA minimum of about 1 L or 1 U.S. qt is recommended.6.5 Lot SizeA lot shall normally consist of the amount contained in a tanker compartment or other bulk container in whichit is delivered. If this definition does not apply, the definition of a lot sh
38、all be agreed upon between the supplier and purchaser.NOTE 5See Sections 5, 6, and 7 on Significance, Safety, and Statistical Considerations, respectively, of Practice E300 for a detailed discussion ofthe statistics of sampling.7. Test Methods7.1 The scope of some of the test methods listed below do
39、 not include butanol. The precisions of those test methods can differfrom the reported precisions when testing butanol.7.2 Water ContentTest Methods E203 or E1064.7.3 Solvent-Washed Gum ContentTest Method D381, air jet apparatus.7.4 AcidityTest Method D1613.7.5 Sulfur ContentIn the United States, US
40、 EPA allows Test Methods D3120 or D5453 for measuring sulfur in gasoline aslong as these alternative test method results are correlated to the US EPA designated Test Method D2622 when determiningcompliance with US Federal EPA sulfur standards.7.6 Inorganic ChlorideTest Method D7319.7.7 Butanol (1-bu
41、tanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl 1-propanol)Test Method D7875.7.8 MethanolTest Method D7875.7.9 Total SulfateTest Method D7319.8. Keywords8.1 acidity; automotive spark-ignition engine fuel; base gasoline; bio-butanol; butanol; chloride ion content; corrosioninhibitors; fuel; gasoline; gasoline-butanol ble
42、nd; impurities; oxygenate; solvent-washed gum; sulfate ion content; sulfur content;water contentD7862 15a3APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF SPECIFIED PROPERTIESX1.1 ButanolX1.1.1 Water ContentKarl Fischer analysis is generally the only consistently reliable procedure for the dete
43、rmination of waterin butanol. Test Method E203 describes the modifications required to run the test in the presence of alcohols. Blends of butanoland gasoline have a limited solvency for water. This solvency will vary with the butanol content, the temperature of the blend, andthe aromatic content of
44、 the base gasoline. Because some degree of water contamination is practically unavoidable in transport andhandling, the water content of the butanol should be limited to reduce the risk of phase separation.X1.1.2 Solvent-Washed Gum Content:X1.1.2.1 The test for solvent-washed gum content measures th
45、e amount of residue after evaporation of the fuel and following aheptane wash. The heptane wash removes the heptane-soluble, nonvolatile material such as additives, carrier oils used withadditives, and diesel fuel. Solvent-washed gum consists of fuel-insoluble gum and fuel-soluble gum.The fuel-insol
46、uble portion canclog fuel filters. Both can be deposited on surfaces when the fuel evaporates.X1.1.2.2 Solvent-washed gum can contribute to deposits on the surfaces of carburetors, fuel injectors, and intake manifolds, ports,valves, and valve guides. The impact of solvent washed gum from pure alcoho
47、ls such as ethanol or butanol on malfunctions ofmodern engines is not known. The test method is used essentially to detect the presence of high boiling, heptane insolubleimpurities.X1.1.2.3 Because the precision statements for Test Method D381 were developed using only data on hydrocarbons, they may
48、 notbe applicable to butanol.X1.1.3 AcidityVery dilute aqueous solutions of low molecular weight organic acids such as acetic (CH3COOH) are highlycorrosive to many metals. It is therefore necessary to keep such acids at a very low concentration.X1.1.4 AppearanceTurbidity or evidence of precipitation
49、 normally indicates major contamination.X1.1.4.1 Fuel components can encounter conditions in the bulk distribution system that could cause the material to fail aworkmanship visual evaluation. Some fuel components can contain dirt or rust particles during distribution. Terminals or bulkplants can address these issues with proper operating procedures, for example, by allowing sufficient time for the dirt or particlesto settle in the tank, by filtration, or by other means.X1.1.5 Butanol PurityThe presence of even small quantities of some organic oxygen co
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