1、Designation: D7911 14Standard Guide forUsing Reference Material to Characterize Measurement BiasAssociated with Volatile Organic Compound EmissionChamber Test1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7911; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides procedures for using a referencematerial with a kno
3、wn emission rate of a volatile organiccompound (VOC) to estimate the bias associated with a VOCemission chamber test.1.2 This guide may be used to assess measurements of VOCemissions conducted in a variety of environmental chambers,such as small-scale chambers, full-scale chambers, emissioncells, an
4、d micro-scale chambers.1.3 This guide may be used to assess measurements of VOCemissions from a variety of sources including “dry” materials(for example, carpet, floor tile and particleboard) and “wet”materials (for example, paint and cleaning products).1.4 This guide can be used to support quality
5、control effortsby emissions testing laboratories, third party accreditation oftesting laboratories participating in emissions testing programs,and quality control efforts by manufacturers of building andother materials.1.5 This guide may be used to support the determination ofprecision and bias of o
6、ther commonly used VOC emissionstandards including Guide D5116, Test Method D6007, ISO16000-9, ANSI/BIFMA M7.1, and CDPH/EHLB/StandardMethod V1.1.1.6 This guide also describes the attributes of a suitableemission reference material and the different methods availableto independently determine the re
7、ference materials VOCemission rate.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user
8、 of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chambe
9、r De-terminations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde andOther Carbonyl Compounds inAir (Active Sampler Meth-odology)D5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile OrganicChemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-ogy)D600
10、7 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concen-trations in Air from Wood Products Using a Small-ScaleChamberD6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, andThermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Or-ganic Compounds in AirD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
11、and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System PerformanceD6330 Practice for Determination of Volatile Organic Com-pounds (Excluding Formaldehyde) Emissions from Wood-Based Panels Using Small Environmental Chambers Un-der Defined Test ConditionsD6617 Practice for Laboratory
12、 Bias Detection Using SingleTest Result from Standard MaterialD6670 Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination ofVolatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD6803 Practice for Testing and Sampling of Volatile OrganicCompounds (Including Carbonyl Compounds) Emitted1This guide is under
13、 the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014. Published September 2014. DOI:10.1520/D7911-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cust
14、omer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1from Paint Using Small Environmental
15、 ChambersD7143 Practice for Emission Cells for the Determination ofVolatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD7339 Test Method for Determination of Volatile OrganicCompounds Emitted from Carpet using a Specific SorbentTube and Thermal Desorption / Gas ChromatographyD7440 Practice for
16、Characterizing Uncertainty in Air Qual-ity MeasurementsD7706 Practice for Rapid Screening of VOC Emissionsfrom Products Using Micro-Scale ChambersE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a SingleZon
17、e by Means of a Tracer Gas DilutionE1333 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concen-trations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood ProductsUsing a Large Chamber2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 12219-3 Interior Air of Road VehiclesPart 3: Screen-ing Method for the Determination of the Emissions ofVolatile O
18、rganic Compounds from Vehicle Interior Partsand MaterialsMicro-scale Chamber MethodISO 16000-3 Indoor AirPart 3: Determination of Formal-dehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds in IndoorAir andTest Change AirActive Sampling MethodISO 16000-6 Indoor AirPart 6: Determination of VolatileOrganic Compounds i
19、n Indoor and Test Chamber Air byActive Sampling on Tenax TA Sorbent, Thermal Desorp-tion and Gas Chromatography Using MS or MS-FIDISO 16000-9 Indoor AirPart 9: Determination of theEmission of Volatile Organic Compounds from BuildingProducts and FurnishingEmission Test ChamberMethodISO 16000-10 Indoo
20、r AirPart 10: Determination of theEmission of Volatile Organic Compounds from BuildingProducts and FurnishingEmission Test Cell MethodISO 16000-11 Indoor AirPart 11: Determination of theEmission of Volatile Organic Compounds from BuildingProducts and FurnishingSampling, Storage of Samplesand Prepara
21、tion of Test SpecimensISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competenceof Testing and Calibration LaboratoriesISO/IEC 17043 Conformity AssessmentGeneral Require-ments for Proficiency TestingISO/IEC Guide 98 Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty inMeasurement (GUM)ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definiti
22、ons Used in Connectionwith Reference MaterialsISO Guide 33 Uses of Certified Reference MaterialsISO Guide 34 General Requirements for the Competence ofReference Material ProducersISO Guide 35 Reference MaterialsGeneral and StatisticalPrinciples for Certification2.3 Other Standards:ANSI/BIFMA M7.1 20
23、11 Test Method for DeterminingVOC Emissions from Office Furniture Systems,Components, and Seating4CDPH/EHLB/Standard Method V1.1 2010 StandardMethod for the Testing and Evaluation of Volatile OrganicChemical Emissions from Indoor Sources Using Environ-mental Chambers, Version 1.15Method TO-17 1999 “
24、Determination of Volatile OrganicCompounds in Ambient Air Using Active Sampling OntoSorbent Tubes,” Compendium of Methods for the Deter-mination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air,Second Edition (EPA/625/R-96/010b)63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions and terms commonly usedin Commite
25、e D22 standards, refer to Terminology D1356. Fordefinitions and terms commonly used when testing materialsand products for VOC emissions, refer to Guide D5116. Fordefinitions and terms commonly used to describe referencematerials, refer to ISO Guide 30.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Stand
26、ard:3.2.1 constant emission source, nan emission sourcewhere the concentration of the chemical at the material surfacedoes not change with time.3.2.2 diffusion-controlled source, nan emission sourcethat is limited by the movement of contaminants within thematerial boundaries.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe ra
27、te of diffusion depends on thediffusivity of the VOC, the temperature, and the structure of thematerial.3.2.3 dynamic emission source, nan emission sourcewhere the concentration of the chemical at the material surfacechanges with time.3.2.3.1 DiscussionA dynamic source can still generateemissions in
28、 a predictable and consistent manner.3.2.4 evaporative-controlled source, nan emission sourcethat is limited by the ability of a contaminant to transfer fromthe material surface through a boundary layer to the surround-ing air.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe rate of mass transfer at the surfaceof an evaporati
29、ve-controlled source is dependent on VOCvolatility, air velocity, and turbulence near the material surface.3.2.5 primary reference measurement procedure,n“Reference measurement procedure used to obtain a mea-surement result without relation to a measurement standard fora quantity of the same kind” (
30、1).73Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.4Available from Business + Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association(BIFMA), 678 Front Ave. NW, Ste. 150, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49504-5
31、368,https:/www.bifma.org.5Available from California Department of Public Health (CDPH), PO Box997377, MS 0500, Sacramento, CA 95899-7377, http:/www.cdph.ca.gov.6Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington,
32、DC 20004,http:/www.epa.gov.7The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.D7911 1423.2.6 reference emission rate value, nthe independently-determined mass of VOC emitted per unit of time from areference emission source at specified conditions.3.2.6.1
33、DiscussionIf the reference emission rate value is“certified,” the reference value and associated uncertainty willbe available on the accompanying certificate for the referencematerial.3.2.7 reference material, na material that is “sufficientlyhomogeneous and stable with respect to one or more specif
34、iedproperties, which has been established to be fit for its intendeduse in a measurement process” (ISO Guide 30).4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide describes procedures for using a referencematerial to evaluate the measurement bias associated with testsof VOC emissions from materials and products. Th
35、e referencematerials described in this guide have independently-determined emission rates that can be measured in an environ-mental test chamber according to commonly used VOC emis-sion and analytical standards and by following the instructionsin the reference materials accompanying documentation. E
36、x-ample instructions associated with published uses of referencematerials are provided in Appendix X1.4.2 In general, reference materials used in laboratory emis-sion tests can provide traceability for test results determined atdifferent times and in different laboratories using the sameenvironmenta
37、l conditions (for example, chamber airflow rate,temperature and relative humidity). Chamber air samples arecollected at specific times and analyzed according to refer-enced standards. If no analytical standard is prescribed,samples are analyzed according to a laboratorys standardoperating procedures
38、. Chamber concentrations and sourceemission rates are calculated. The measured emission rates, atdefined time periods, are then compared with the known valuefor the reference material to estimate the measurement bias ofthe value obtained in the emission chamber. If applicable, thevalue of the measur
39、ement bias can be compared with accep-tance criteria for the emission testing program of interest to theuser.4.3 This guide also describes the qualities of an emissionreference material, the different methods available to indepen-dently determine the VOC emission rate of a referencematerial, and the
40、 chamber operating parameters that potentiallyinfluence a reference materials emission results.5. Significance and Use5.1 Chamber testing is a globally-accepted method formeasuring the emissions of VOCs from building materials andproducts. Chamber emission test data have a variety of usesincluding i
41、dentification and labeling of products as low-VOCemitting for improved indoor air quality, manufacturing qualitycontrol, and development of new and improved products forreduced VOC emissions.5.2 Currently, an inter-laboratory study (ILS) is the mostfrequently used method for assessing the bias of a
42、laboratorysVOC emission test results. An ILS typically relies on a VOCsource with an uncharacterized emission rate. Consequently, alarge number of participants (Practice E691 recommends 30,with a minimum requirement of six) are needed to produce thedata required to calculate a laboratorys performanc
43、e relative tothe central tendency and distribution of the results for allparticipants. Due to the participant size requirement and otherlogistical issues, an ILS involves significant planning andcoordination to achieve useful results.5.3 Inter-laboratory studies have often shown significantvariation
44、s in measured VOC emission rates among participat-ing laboratories for a given source. Variability in the emissionrate from the source often is suspected to be a contributingfactor, but it is difficult to be certain of the cause. Thus, bettercharacterized sources are needed for evaluating the abilit
45、y oflaboratories to generate VOC emission test results with accept-able bias as discussed in 8.6.5.4 Proficiency tests (PT) for VOC emission testing typi-cally focus on a laboratorys analytical capabilities. Forexample, an analytical PT relies on a certified standardprepared by an accredited vendor
46、as a reference. A laboratoryanalyzes the PT sample without knowledge of its concentrationvalue.Acceptance of the results is judged by the deviation fromthe known value. Use of reference materials can expandanalytical PT schemes to also include the impacts of testsample handling, test specimen prepar
47、ation, chamberoperation, and chamber air sampling.5.5 Laboratories accredited under ISO/IEC 17025 are re-quired to derive uncertainty estimates for their test results.Typically, this is done by developing an uncertainty budget andestimating an expanded uncertainty (ISO/IEC Guide 98, Prac-tice D7440)
48、. An uncertainty budget for a VOC emission testcombines relevant sources of measurement uncertainty for allsteps in the testing process from test specimen preparationthrough air sample analysis. A more efficient approach todetermining the overall bias and precision for a VOC emissiontest is with rep
49、eated testing of a reference material (seeISO/IEC Guide 98, ISO Guide 33). This guide addresses theestimation of bias through comparison of the measured value tothe reference material value. The precision is determinedthrough repeated testing of multiple reference materials, ide-ally from the same production batch (see Practices D6299 andE691).5.6 Other uses of an emissions reference material includeverifying quality control emission measurements of manufac-tured product batches and providing traceability for third partycertification.6. Reference Ma
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