1、Designation: D8009 15Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 8.5Standard Practice forManual Piston Cylinder Sampling for Volatile Crude Oils,Condensates, and Liquid Petroleum Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8009; the number immediately following the de
2、signation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice includes the e
3、quipment and procedures forobtaining a representative sample of “live” or high vaporpressure crude oils, condensates, and/or liquid petroleumproducts from low pressure sample points, where there isinsufficient sample point pressure to use a Floating PistonCylinder (FPC) as described in Practice D370
4、0.1.2 This practice is intended for use with sample types, suchas UN Class 3 Flammable Liquids, that might have beencollected and transported using open containers. The use of amanual piston cylinder in place of open containers is intendedto prevent the loss of volatile (light end) components, which
5、can impact subsequent test results.1.3 This practice is suitable for sampling crude oils,condensates, and/or liquid petroleum products having truevapor pressures less than 300 kPa (43 psia nominal) at 50 C.This practice applies to samples that will typically fall betweenPractices D4057 (API MPMS Cha
6、pter 8.1) and D3700. Thispractice shall not be used for materials classified as UN Class2 Gases2(“having a vapor pressure greater than 300 kPa at50 C or is completely gaseous at 20 C at 101.3 kPa.”).1.4 This practice allows for sampling of crude oils that flowfreely at the conditions of sampling.1.5
7、 It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that thesampling point is located so as to obtain a representativesample.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.6.1 ExceptionThe values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.7 This standard does not purport to addres
8、s all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D3700 Practice f
9、or Obtaining LPG Samples Using a Float-ing Piston CylinderD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD6377 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure ofCrude Oil: VPCRx(Expansion Method)D6378 Test
10、Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure(VPX) of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, andHydrocarbon-Oxygenate Mixtures (Triple ExpansionMethod)D7975 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure ofCrude Oil: VPCRx-F(TmC) (Manual Expansion FieldMethod)2.2 API Standards:4MPMS Chapter 8.1 Manual Samp
11、ling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsMPMS Chapter 8.2 Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and the API Committee on PetroleumMeasurement,
12、and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02 /COMQ thejoint ASTM-API Committee on Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer(Joint ASTM-API). This practice has been approved by the sponsoring committeesand accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with established proce-dures.
13、 This practice was issued as a joint ASTM-API standard in 2015.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. DOI:10.1520/D8009-15.2UN Recommendations of the Transportation of Dangerous Goods, Chapter2.2.1.1.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcon
14、tact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,Washington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.Copyright ASTM Internat
15、ional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.1 dead crude oil, ncrude oil with sufficiently lowvapor pressure that, when exposed to normal atmosphericpressure at room temperature, does not result in boiling of thesample.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThese crudes
16、 will have vapor pressuresbelow atmospheric pressure at room temperature.3.1.1.2 DiscussionA crude oil is normally considered“live” until the vapor pressure can be established using TestMethods D6377, D6378,orD7975. Sampling and handling ofdead crude oils can usually be performed without concern ino
17、pen, non-pressurized sample containers, such as cans, bottles,and other atmospheric containers as described in PracticeD4057 (API MPMS Chapter 8.1).3.1.2 live crude oil, ncrude oil with sufficiently high vaporpressure that it would boil if exposed to normal atmosphericpressure at room temperature.3.
18、1.2.1 DiscussionSampling and handling of samples oflive crude oils will necessitate the use of the closed samplecontainer to maintain sample integrity and preclude the use ofopen sample containers, such as cans, bottles, and otheratmospheric containers.3.1.2.2 DiscussionSamples and bulk storage (tan
19、k) liquidsmay or may not appear to boil visibly (rolling) but vaporization(off-gassing) is occurring.3.1.3 light ends, nhydrocarbon components that cannot bemaintained as a liquid at atmospheric pressure at temperaturesgreater than 0 C.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThis includes any materials that haveatmospher
20、ic boiling points below 0 C including methane,ethane, propane, butane.3.1.3.2 DiscussionFixed gases, such as CO, CO2,H2,H2S, N2, and O2, will also contribute to the composition andvapor pressure of the sample.3.1.4 maximum fill volume (reduced fill volume), nthevolume of a container occupied by the
21、sample, usually ex-pressed as a percentage of the total capacity.3.1.4.1 DiscussionSome regulatory agencies use the ex-pressions “maximum fill density” and “reduced fill density.”3.1.5 open container, na container designed for use withsamples at atmospheric pressure conditions.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThis
22、 includes glass and plastic bottles.These containers are not suitable for samples expected to havevapor pressures above atmospheric pressure.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dead volume, nthe fixed volume required to fill thevoid spaces in the manual piston cylinder when the
23、piston ispushed firmly against the sample chamber end cap.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe dead volume includes the annularvolume around the piston, channel volume within the end caps,and volume within the pressure relief device and valves.3.2.2 manual piston cylinder (MPC), na pressurizedsample container, wit
24、h an internal piston that effectivelydivides the container into two separate compartments and thatis attached to a rod which allows the user to manually move thepiston in order to collect volatile liquid samples.3.2.2.1 DiscussionA manual piston cylinder (Fig. 1)isused to collect a sample of liquid
25、with a vapor pressure of lessthan 300 kPa (43 psia nominal), without the formation of agaseous phase, which can result in changes in the compositionof the liquid sample.3.2.3 single-phase fluid, na liquid that has no separatevapor and liquid phases.3.2.4 true vapor pressure (TVP), nthe total pressur
26、e gen-erated by at fluid at a 0:1 vapor:liquid ratio at 50 C.3.2.4.1 Discussion50 C is the prescribed temperature forvapor pressure for distinguishing between UN Class 2 Gasesand Class 3 Flammable Liquids.3.2.4.2 DiscussionTrue vapor pressure is the sum of thepartial pressures of all the components
27、within a fluid includingdissolved fixed gases such as CO, CO2,H2,H2S, N2, and O2.3.2.4.3 DiscussionTrue vapor pressure is equivalent to thebubble point pressure at a prescribed temperature. Fluids abovetheir bubble point pressure are also referred to as single-phasefluids.3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 BPR
28、back pressure regulator3.3.2 CVCconstant volume cylinder3.3.3 CVcharge valve3.3.4 FPCfloating piston cylinder3.3.5 MPCmanual piston cylinder3.3.6 psiapounds per square inch absolute (psia = psig +barometric pressure)3.3.7 psigpounds per square inch gauge (psig = psia barometric pressure)FIG. 1 Manua
29、l Piston Cylinder Schematic (Example)D8009 1523.3.8 PRVpressure relief valve3.3.9 PSVpressure safety valve3.3.10 PVpurge valve3.3.11 PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene3.3.12 SVsampling valve3.3.13 TVPTrue Vapor Pressure (0:1 vapor/liquid ratio at50 C)4. Summary of Practice4.1 A crude oil or condensate sam
30、ple is transferred as asingle-phase liquid under pressure from a sample point into amanual piston cylinder. The manual piston cylinder (MPC) isdesigned to collect liquid samples with no vaporization or lossof volatile components by displacing a piston against themechanical backpressure of the user.
31、The piston serves as aphysical barrier between the sample and the atmosphere. Themanual movement of the piston allows the user to pull sampleinto the cylinder as well as compress the sample for injectioninto an instrument for analysis. The position of the piston at theend of sampling indicates the p
32、ercent fill of the samplecylinder.4.2 It is the responsibility of the user of this practice tolocate the sample point at a suitable location and orientationwhere the product being sampled is a representative, singlephase, homogeneous liquid.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice allows the collect
33、ion of a representativesample of crude oil and/or condensate that may contain tracevolatile dissolved components such as methane, ethane,propane, and fixed gases that would normally be lost usingconventional atmospheric sampling methods. These highlyvolatile components can result in vapor pressure c
34、onditionsabove atmospheric pressure. This practice is recommendedwhenever accurate determination of vapor pressure, flash point,or other properties are required and where loss of volatilecomponents can affect the test results.5.2 This practice is intended for capturing samples of crudeoil and/or con
35、densate for testing for the purpose of classifica-tion for transportation of dangerous goods as UN Class 3Flammable Liquids, but is not limited to classification testing.Other test methods with sensitivities to light end loss may alsoutilize this sampling practice.5.3 Practice D3700 using a floating
36、 piston cylinder isrecommended whenever true vapor pressures greater than300 kPa at 50 C are anticipated.6. Interferences6.1 Interference in a sampling procedure is anything thatcompromises the integrity of the sample.6.2 Incorrect choice of a sample point location can result ina non-representative
37、sample due to solid or liquidcontaminants, separate phases, storage tank stratification, andso forth.6.3 Reactivity of steel surfaces can result in the chemicalalteration of trace reactive components such as H2S, COS, andmercaptans.6.4 A lubricant, used on the piston or other internal wettedparts, t
38、hat is soluble in hydrocarbon can contaminate thesample and analytical equipment.6.5 Leakage can result in loss of sample. Consult themanufacturers guidelines for suitable procedures to verify aleak-free cylinder, such as vacuum or pressure testing.6.6 Failure to flush sample lines and dead volumes
39、canresult in contaminated and non-representative samples.6.7 Sampling from stratified tanks, dead zones in flowingsystems, or inappropriate time periods can result in non-representative samples.6.8 Any material that can create carryover contaminationfrom one sample to the next shall be removed from
40、thecylinder, and the cylinder thoroughly cleaned before collectionof subsequent samples. In addition to cleaning the interiormetal surfaces and cleaning the soft parts (O-rings, forexample), consideration should be given to replacing the softparts if they might have absorbed any contamination. Ex-am
41、ples of contaminants include glycol, amine, lubricants,sulfur species, solvents, methanol, etc.7. Apparatus7.1 Manual Piston Cylinder (MPC):7.1.1 Construction, typically fabricated from corrosion-resistant material such as 316 stainless steel or aluminum.Protective internal coatings or surface treat
42、ments are accept-able provided that they do not adversely affect the freemovement of the piston or effectiveness of the seals (see Fig.1).7.1.2 Users should consult with the manufacturer of theMPC and sample collection systems any time ambient orproduct temperatures, or both, exceed the range of 30
43、C to60 C (22F to 140 F). Extreme temperature effects uponmetal, O-rings, valve seats, seals, gauges, relief devices,sample pump components, and other devices and componentsin the system should be assessed in a hazards analysis beforeany sampling takes place.7.1.3 Cylinder shall have provision for mo
44、ving the piston,both in and out, by means of a rod connected directly to thepiston. In some instances an FPC may be equipped with amixing rod that can be fixed to the piston to meet themovement criteria, and therefore such an FPC may also beused as an MPC.7.1.4 Piston Position IndicatorThe MPC shall
45、 beequipped with a piston position indicator such as a marking onthe piston rod or equivalent mechanism, that indicates thesample volume to comply with the maximum percent fill(maximum fill volume) allowed for storage and transportation.A volumetric guide inserted over the piston rod may also beused
46、 (see Fig. 2).7.1.4.1 Volumetric Fill GuideIf used, shall be made ofbrass, aluminum, or other suitable material that will performwithout deforming over time or damaging the piston rod.Guides shall be “C-Channel” type to allow insertion over theD8009 153piston rod (see Fig. 2). DimensionAwill determi
47、ne the volumeand will be dependent on the piston stroke length and therequired fill density. Multiple guides may be cut to providevarying volume requirements. Dimension B (internal diameter)shall be slightly greater than the piston rod diameter to allowthe guide to be inserted easily. Dimension D sh
48、all be slightlygreater than the piston rod diameter plus the material thickness.For example: An 80 % guide length is based on 80 % of thelength of the piston stroke. A cylinder with a 20.3 cm (nominal8 in.) piston stroke length will have a maximum 16.2 cm(nominal 6.4 in.) length guide.Appropriate pi
49、ston stroke lengthmeasurement adjustment is required for reduced filled density.7.1.4.2 Manual piston cylinders that are not equipped with apiston position indicator shall not be used without a procedureto allow the operator to verify fill volume immediately aftersampling and prior to transport. Consult the authority havingjurisdiction for acceptable procedures.7.1.5 The cylinder sample chamber end cap shall haveprovision for a safety relief device to protect the user fromaccidental over-pressure by connection to a sample poi
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