1、Designation: D8046 16Standard Guide forPumpability of Heat Transfer Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8046; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese
2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers general information, without specificlimits, for selecting and evaluating pumpability characteristicsof heat transfer fluids at both low
3、and high temperature. Thisguide is a compendium of information and does not recom-mend a specific course of action. This guide provides addi-tional information on pumpability topics found in companionguides for evaluating heat transfer fluids, Guides D5372 andD7665.1.2 Pumpability of heat transfer f
4、luids is dependent on bothfluid properties and the design of the fluid handling system thatstores and transports the fluid, and therefore presents a numberof pumping options. This guide is considered particularlyuseful for identifying pumpability options. The listing of teststandards and guides is n
5、ot all-inclusive and additional stan-dards and guides may be useful.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.3.1 ExceptionOther units are provided for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
6、 is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Users of heattransfer fluids should be especially mindful of potential fire andexplosion hazards.2. Referenced Documents2.
7、1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of
8、Dynamic Viscos-ity)D891 Test Methods for Specific Gravity,Apparent, of LiquidIndustrial ChemicalsD2161 Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity toSaybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol ViscosityD2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-matic Viscosity at 40 C and 100 CD
9、2879 Test Method for Vapor Pressure-Temperature Rela-tionship and Initial Decomposition Temperature of Liq-uids by IsoteniscopeD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lu-bricants Measured by Broo
10、kfield ViscometerD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD5372 Guide for Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Heat TransferFluidsD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-lometric Karl F
11、ischer TitrationD7665 Guide for Evaluation of Biodegradable Heat TransferFluidsE794 Test Method for MeltingAnd Crystallization Tempera-tures By Thermal Analysis3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 cavitation, na process of dropping the local liquidpressure below its
12、 vapor pressure due to flow phenomenon andis characterized by the formation of vapor bubbles within theliquid.3.1.1.1 DiscussionImplosion of vapor bubbles on pumpcomponents can cause eroding of surfaces, which may lead todecreased pumping performance and mechanical failures.3.1.2 heat transfer fluid
13、, na fluid that remains essentiallya liquid while transferring heat to or from an apparatus orprocess, although this guide does not preclude the evaluation ofa heat transfer fluid that may be used in its vapor state.3.1.2.1 DiscussionHeat transfer fluids may behydrocarbon- or petroleum-based such as
14、 polyglycols, esters,1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.L0.06 on Non-Lubricating Process Fluids.Current edition approved July 15, 2016. Published August 2016. DOI: 10.152
15、0/D8046-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
16、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1hydrogenated terphenyls, alkylated aromatics, diphenyl-oxide/biphenyl blends, mixtures of di- and triaryl-ethers. Smallpercentages of functional components such as antioxidants,anti-wear and anti-corrosion agents, TBN, acid scavengers,a
17、nd/or dispersants can be present.3.1.3 pumpability, na fluid characteristic related to itsability to deform (shear stress-shear rate relationship) or abilityto flow.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThere is no specific value associatedwith pumpability, although as a practical matter, the term isassociated with the
18、 ability of pumps to flow a fluid at a specifictemperature. Some producers of heat transfer fluids provide thetemperature at which the fluid attains a specific viscosity valuethat may be associated with pumping limits. For example, it iscommon to find temperature values of heat transfer fluids forvi
19、scosities of 300 cSt (300 mm2/s) and 2000 cSt (2000 mm2/s).The pump design and its installation will determine theviscosity limit for pumpability of a heat transfer fluid.4. Significance and Use4.1 Pumpability of heat transfer fluids depends upon theconfiguration of the system in use, pumps and thei
20、r installation,and the physical properties of the fluids being transported. Thefluids ability to pump efficiently is key to the economy of thesystem operation and heat transfer fluid life. The test methodslisted in Section 5 may be considered as guides for determiningthe pumpability of heat transfer
21、 fluids under specific operatingconditions. Information gained from use of this guide will aidin the selection of pumping equipment and its installation.5. Relevant Tests for Characterization of FluidPumpability5.1 Flash Point, open cup or closed cup (Test Method D92,D93)This test method will detect
22、 low flash ends which areone cause of cavitation during pumping. In closed systems,especially when fluids are exposed to temperatures of 225 C(approximately 400 F) or higher, the formation of volatilehydrocarbons by breakdown of the fluid may require ventingthrough a pressure relief system to preven
23、t dangerous pressurebuild-up.5.2 Pour Point (Test Method D97)The pour point may beused as an approximate guide to what is known as the“borderline pumpability temperature,” or bpt, and is a generalindication of the lowest temperature a fluid can be pumped. Ifa heat transfer system is subjected to low
24、 temperatures whennot in use, a heat trace system should be employed to warm thefluid above minimum pumping temperature before start-up.5.3 Crystallization Temperature (Test Method E794)Crystallization or freezing is a condition of solid formation andno liquid pump will work in this region.5.4 Visco
25、sity (Test Method D445, D2983)Fluid viscosityis important for determining Reynolds and Prandtl numbers forheat transfer systems, to estimate fluid turbulence, heat transfercoefficient, and heat flow. Fluids become more difficult topump as their viscosity becomes higher. See 6.1 for pumping ofviscous
26、 fluids.5.5 Specific Gravity (Test Method D891, D4052)Specificgravity of heat transfer fluids is a parameter needed forcalculating fluid density which is used in performance calcu-lations for heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and pumping power.Test methods such as those described in Test Method D4052wi
27、ll provide direct measures of density. Also, hydraulic shockduring pumping is predicted via the use of a combination ofdensity and compressibility data. Specific gravity of a liquid isrelated to density by the following:SGliquid5 liquidwater5 liquid1000 kg/m3(1)where the density of water is taken at
28、 4 C.5.6 Water Content (Test Method D6304)Use the watercontent of a heat transfer fluid to indicate when the heattransfer system has been dried out sufficiently. Consider raisingthe bulk fluid temperature through the 100 C plus region, toallow venting of water vapor, before proceeding to operate the
29、system at higher temperatures. The system expansion tankshall be full prior to startup to ensure that moisture is safelyvented in the lowest pressure part of the system. Positivenitrogen pressure on the heat transfer fluid system will mini-mize entry of air or moisture. Heat transfer systems operati
30、ngat temperatures of 120 C or greater shall, for reasons of safety,be dry, because destructive high pressures are generated whenwater enters the high temperature sections of the system.Heating the fluid before it is placed in service also removesmost of the dissolved gasses in the fluid. If not remo
31、ved, thesegasses can cause pump cavitation. (WarningAir and com-bustible gasses can accumulate in stagnant parts of a poorlydesigned system and form a region of high potential forexplosion.)5.7 Vapor Pressure (Test Method D2879)Vapor pressure,which normally increases with increasing operatingtempera
32、tures, is an important design parameter. Heat transferfluids exhibiting high vapor pressures shall be used only insystems with sufficient structural integrity. Design and opera-tion of vapor phase systems will require knowledge of theequilibrium vapor pressure. Vapor pressure is an importantconsider
33、ation when investigating cavitation potential of apumping system. Vapor pressure and other fluid properties maychange as the fluid ages.5.8 Viscosity Conversions and CalculationsViscosity in-formation provided with heat transfer fluids may be either inunits of absolute or kinematic viscosity or both
34、 for specifictemperatures. Information is sometimes provided for pump-ability characterization in terms of a specific viscosity at agiven temperature. Practices D2161 and D2270 provide calcu-lation methods for conversion of units.5.9 Boiling Range Distribution (Test Method D2887)Theflow characterist
35、ics of heat transfer fluids, especially viscosity,can change due to changes in composition caused by thermaldegradation, oxidation, venting of low boiling components,and other processes as the fluid ages. Boiling range distribu-tions obtained by Test Method D2887 will give insight aboutfluid degrada
36、tion and hence pumpability characteristics espe-cially for ageing fluids.D8046 1626. Pumps and Installation (Informational Only)6.1 PumpsCentrifugal, gear, canned motor and magneti-cally coupled pumps are commonly used to pump heat transferfluids. Selection of a pump type depends on numerous factors
37、relating to cost of operation and fluid handling characteristicsof the pump. Key fluid handling factors are fluid viscosity andnet positive suction head required. Heavy duty centrifugalpumps are most common for pumping heat transfer fluids andare used with fluids with viscosity as high as 400 cP(400
38、 mPas) (400 cSt with a specific gravity of 1.0) as apractical limit. For low temperature and high viscosities toapproximately 2000 cP (2000 mPas), gear pumps are typicallyrecommended. Use canned motor and magnetically coupledpumps to avoid leakage of heat transfer fluid. Because ofviscous drag on ro
39、tating parts of a pump, horsepower require-ments can be significantly increased when pumping highlyviscous heat transfer fluids in the 80 C to 10 C temperaturerange. Typical seals used are packing glands, mechanical, andcombinations of the two. For high temperature operation,provisions are needed fo
40、r cooling of seals and bearings. Thecapacity of a rotary pump varies directly with relative speed,and is independent of pressure within its operating limits.Volumetric efficiency generally increases with increasing vis-cosity; however, overall mechanical efficiency will suffer atboth high viscositie
41、s and very low viscosity. The approximateviscosity limit for rotary pumps is4105cSt.6.2 InstallationExcessive pressure loss in the inlet pipingto a heat transfer fluid pump may lead to severe cavitation atthe pump inlet. As inlet fluid velocity increases and thepressure at the inlet drops, the local
42、 pressure may approach thefluid vapor pressure resulting in cavitation issues. Ensure thereis sufficient net positive suction head at the pump inlet toprevent cavitation. Net positive suction head available can beincreased by increasing the blanket gas pressure at the expan-sion tank. The pump sucti
43、on head requirement for a given inletflow rate, known as the net positive suction head requirement(NPSHR) is dependent on the pump design and this data issupplied by the pump manufacturer. The user needs to deter-mine the lowest possible heat transfer fluid temperature thatcan occur for the installa
44、tion, determine the viscosity of newfluid at that temperature, consider how fluid changes due todegradation may increase fluid viscosity, and apply an appro-priate safety factor to the maximum fluid viscosity. The usershould select a pump and motor combination which canaccommodate that maximum fluid
45、 viscosity. The motor shouldbe large enough to handle the pump requirements when startingup and operating with the maximum fluid viscosity.7. Keywords7.1 characterization; heat transfer fluid; pumpabilityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in co
46、nnection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the respo
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