ASTM D8145-2018 6875 Standard Practice for Sampling of Green Petroleum Coke.pdf

1、Designation: D8145 18Standard Practice forSampling of Green Petroleum Coke1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8145; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese

2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONGreen petroleum coke is a byproduct of certain oil refining technologies but has multiple uses, suchas a solid mineral fuel or a key constituent of making

3、anodes. The chemical and physicalcharacteristics of green petroleum coke, particularly the moisture content, are not always distributedequally in the different sized particles. As such, the sampling of green petroleum coke must follow thegeneral sampling principals of capturing the particle size dis

4、tribution of the consignment into the grosssample that is collected to represent it.Green petroleum coke sampling has relied on the sampling standards for Coal and Coke underASTM Subcommittee D05.05 for guidance on how to collect and prepare samples, in particular,Practice D2234/D2234M for the Colle

5、ction of a Gross Sample of Coal, Practice D2013/D2013M forthe Preparation of Coal Samples for Analysis, and Practice D346 for the Collection and Preparationof Coke Samples for Laboratory Analysis have been used, among others. With the growing use ofmechanical sampling equipment, Practice D7430 for t

6、he Mechanical Sampling of Coal has been addedto the mix. The above cited standards are useful, but do not account for some of the uniquecharacteristics of petroleum coke, which has led to widespread confusion as to which parts areapplicable, especially Practice D346, which is really used for coke ma

7、de from coal and not frompetroleum refining.This practice gives guidelines for the user on how to sample green petroleum coke. The intent is notto write a standalone standard for green petroleum coke but to direct the user as to how to apply theD05.05 coal standards already in existence.1. Scope1.1

8、This practice primarily references Practice D2234/D2234M and applies its sampling principles to green petro-leum coke. Green petroleum coke is typically more homoge-neous than coal and this practice provides specific guidance forthe application of D05.05 coal standards to the sampling ofgreen petrol

9、eum coke.1.1.1 Practice D2234/D2234M references the four condi-tions of collecting sample increments: Condition A (StoppedBelt Cut), Condition B (Full-stream Cut), Condition C (Part-stream Cut), and Condition D (Stationary Sampling). Thispractice directs the user to the appropriate coal standard toa

10、pply to each condition, as well as key considerations.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine th

11、e applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issu

12、ed by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D121 Terminology of Coal and CokeD346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of CokeSamples for Laboratory AnalysisD2013/D2013M Practice for Preparing Coal Samples forAnalysisD22

13、34/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sampleof Coal1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.05.0D on Petroleum Coke.Current edition approved May 1, 2018. Published Ju

14、ly 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D8145-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,

15、100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and

16、 Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D5709 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Petroleum CokeD6609 Guide for Part-Stream Sampling of CoalD6883 Practice for Manual Sampling of Stationary Coalfrom Railroad Cars, Barges, Trucks, or Stockpile

17、sD7430 Practice for Mechanical Sampling of CoalE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions applicable to this practice arelisted in Terminology D121.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cross-belt sampler, na single sampling machine

18、 orcomponent of a mechanical sampling system designed toextract an increment directly from a conveyor belt surface bysweeping a sampling device (cutter) through the material onthe conveyor.3.2.2 falling-stream sampler, na single sampling machineor component of a mechanical sampling system designed t

19、oextract an increment from a falling stream of green petroleumcoke at the discharge end of a conveyor or chute by moving asampling device (cutter) through the falling stream of material.3.2.3 increment, na small portion of a lot collected by oneoperation of a sampling device and normally combined wi

20、thother increments from the lot to make a gross sample.3.2.4 judgment sampling, na procedure whereby enu-merators select a few items of the population, based on visual,positional, or other cues that are believed to be related to thevariable of interest, so that the selected items appear to matchthe

21、population.3.2.4.1 DiscussionIn the case of sampling green petro-leum coke, this statistical terminology from Terminology E456is stating that the enumerator (human sampler) selects itemsfrom the population (collects sample increments) based onvarious cues (time/tonnage, at transfer point, etc.) so t

22、hat theitems (sample increments) appear to match the population(representative sample). The key dynamic here is that thesampler is attempting to collect a representative sample usingtheir best judgment as to when and how to collect incrementswhen, (a) so many particles in the consignment have a zero

23、chance of being selected; and (b) there is no sure way toovercome particle size segregation in the material.3.2.5 mechanical sampling system, na single machine orseries of interconnected machines whose purpose is to extractmechanically, or process (divide and reduce), or a combinationthereof, a samp

24、le of green petroleum coke.3.2.6 nonprobability sample, na sample of which thesampling units have not been selected in a manner that satisfiesthe minimum requirements of probability sampling.3.2.6.1 DiscussionNo meaningful statistical inference canbe made with data obtained by a nonprobability sampl

25、e. Nomeaningful statement can be made concerning the precision,standard error, or bias of the sample.3.2.7 probability sample, na sample collected using asampling process such that at each stage of the process, aspecified non-zero probability of being selected for the samplecan be attached to every

26、sampling unit in the lot to be sampled.3.2.7.1 DiscussionGiven adequate information about thesample results obtained using probability sampling, the prob-ability distribution of sampling errors can be estimated.3.2.8 sample, na quantity of material taken from a largerquantity for the purpose of esti

27、mating properties or composi-tion of the larger quantity.3.2.9 size consist, nthe particle size distribution of aconsignment of green petroleum coke.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice applies the requirements of PracticeD2234/D2234M to the sampling of green petroleum coke.Practice D2234/D2234M

28、is an umbrella standard which definesfour different conditions of sample increment collection. Thispractice delineates which ASTM standard to use based on thecondition of sampling available.4.1.1 Conditions of Increment CollectionThe conditionsunder which individual increments are collected are the

29、con-ditions of the main body of green relative to the portionwithdrawn. Four conditions are recognized:4.1.1.1 Condition A (Stopped-belt Cut), in which a loadedconveyor belt is stopped, and a full cross-section cut withparallel sides is removed from the green petroleum cokestream. The distance betwe

30、en the parallel faces shall not be lessthan three times the normal top size of the green petroleumcoke.4.1.1.2 Condition B (Full-stream Cut), in which a fullcross-section cut is removed from a moving stream of greenpetroleum coke.4.1.1.3 Condition C (Part-stream Cut), in which a portion,not a full c

31、ross-section, is removed from a moving stream ofgreen petroleum coke.4.1.1.4 Condition D (Stationary Coal Sampling), in which aportion of green petroleum coke is collected from a pile, a railcar, a barge, or a ship hold. Mechanical sampling with an augeris Condition D sampling.4.2 The first two cond

32、itions, A (Stopped-belt Cut) and B(Full-stream Cut), are considered probability samples becauseevery particle in the lot has a non-zero chance of being selectedand the sample collection method overcomes any particle sizesegregation in the material. The latter two conditions, C(Part-stream Cut) and D

33、 (Stationary Coal Sampling), areconsidered nonprobability samples primarily because there arelarge numbers of particles in the lot that have a zero chance ofbeing selected for the sample and the sampling method cannotensure overcoming any particle size segregation in the con-signment. In addition, C

34、onditions C and D are often referred toas judgment samples because the increments are not collectedaccording to probability but primarily based on the humanjudgment of the sampling personnel.4.3 The highest feasible condition should be used forsample collection and probability sampling is strongly p

35、re-ferred over nonprobability or judgment sampling.5. Summary of Practice5.1 It is intended that this practice be used to provide asample representative of the green petroleum coke from whichit is collected. Because of the variability of green petroleumD8145 182coke and the wide variety of sampling

36、equipment, cautionshould be used in all stages of sampling from system specifi-cations and equipment procurement to equipment acceptancetesting and the actual collection of increments for the finalsample.5.2 After further processing by mechanical or manual re-duction and division, the sample may be

37、analyzed for a numberof different parameters. These parameters may affect the lotsvalue, its ability to meet specifications, its environmentalimpact, as well as other properties.5.3 It is intended that this practice be used for all greenpetroleum coke sampling. Practice D346 is no longer to beused f

38、or sampling green petroleum coke.6. Specific Instructions for Green Petroleum Coke6.1 For the sampling of green petroleum coke in all fourconditions, determine the minimum number of increments andminimum mass of the primary increments by applying theprinciples outlined in subsections 8.1.1.4/8.1.1.5

39、 (Number ofGross Samples) of Practice D2234/D2234M. Use the samemultiplier of 15 in the square root formula as would be used onmechanically cleaned coal in Table 2 (Number and Mass ofIncrements for General Purpose Sampling Procedure) of Prac-tice D2234/D2234M.6.1.1 When sampling a blend of separate

40、sources of greenpetroleum coke that are already mixed, or in cases wherecontamination with other materials is suspected, calculate theminimum number of increments by using the multiplier of 35in the square root formula as would be used on unwashed coal.For short hand in the field, simply multiplying

41、 by 2.3 the resultobtained in 6.1 using the multiplier of 15 will be sufficient.6.2 For each of the four conditions of sampling, use thestandard below for green petroleum coke.6.2.1 Condition AStopped-belt Cut, is covered by PracticeD7430, Part Dsee Practice D7430, Annex A1, Collection ofReference S

42、amples. This practice is used primarily in thecollection of the reference samples in a bias test but is alsofeasible if multiple conveyor belt stops and starts are allowed.6.2.2 Condition BFull-stream Cut is covered by PracticeD7430, Part A, Mechanical Collection and Within-systemPreparation of Gros

43、s Sample of Coal from Moving Streams.This practice is to be used for green petroleum coke wheneverfull-stream cut mechanical sampling is available.6.2.3 Condition CPart-stream Cut is covered by GuideD6609. This guide is to be used for both the manual andmechanical sampling of green petroleum coke wh

44、ile it is beingmoved by conveyor belt and a full-stream cut cannot becollected.6.2.4 Condition DStationary Sampling is covered byPractice D6883. This practice is to be used for manual andmechanical sampling of green petroleum coke whenever it isnot being moved by conveyor belt.6.3 Condition B is the

45、 condition of sampling found infull-stream cut mechanical sampling systems utilizing eithercross-stream sampler or cross-belt sampler designed primarycutters.6.3.1 When mechanical sampling systems are used to col-lect samples, utilize the information and processes contained inPractice D7430, Part C,

46、 Quality Management of MechanicalCoal Sampling Systems.6.3.2 To test a sampling system for bias, use PracticeD7430, Part D, Bias Testing a Mechanical Coal SamplingSystem.6.4 If a sample is needed for size consist analysis accordingto Test Method D5709, collect a separate sample of the massindicated

47、in Test Method D5709 to avoid using the samplerequired for the determination of moisture content.6.4.1 It is good practice to separate large consignments intomultiple sub-lots for analysis. Unless specifically required, onesizing sample can be used to represent an entire consignment aslong as the sa

48、mple increments are collected at regular intervalsthroughout the entire consignment.7. Keywords7.1 collection of a gross sample; green petroleum coke;manual sampling; mechanical samplingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any

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