1、Designation: D8173 18Standard Guide forSite Preparation, Layout, Installation, and Hydration ofGeosynthetic Cementitious Composite Mats1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8173; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers directions for the installation of ageosynthetic cementitious composite mat
3、(GCCM) under fieldconditions typically present in erosion control, hydraulic struc-ture armoring and protection, and protection applications.1.2 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.Values in inch-pound units are in parentheses for information.1.3 This guide contains general gui
4、delines. It is not intendedto replace project-specific installation requirements. In theevent of a conflict between the two, the requirements of theproject specifications will supersede the requirements of thisguide.1.4 This is not an all-inclusive guide, and some projects willbe beyond the scope of
5、 this guide.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations
6、prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technic
7、alBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics2.2 American Concrete Institute Standard:3ACI 306.1 Standard Specification for Cold Weather Concret-ing2.3 Further information is available on the various GCCMsfrom their manufacturers.
8、Individual GCCM manufacturersrecommendations may be more detailed with regards to spe-cific applications or details than the information found in thisstandard, and should be consulted prior to undertaking anyinstallation.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bottom layer flap, nin a GCCM installation,
9、asection of the bottom layer that extends beyond the top layer.3.1.2 butt joint, nin a GCCM installation, a connection oftwo separate segments of GCCM where the edges of eachsegment of GCCM are touching and generally in the sameplane and may be sealed with a bottom layer flap.3.1.3 hydration, nin a
10、GCCM installation, exposure of theGCCM, in this case, to water in prescribed conditions for aprescribed time.3.1.4 layer, nin a GCCM installation, the distinct materialcomponents of which a segment of GCCM material is com-posed.3.1.5 longitudinal layup, nin a GCCM installation,adeployed position of
11、the GCCM where the material is deployedin line with the greater length of the structure being lined (thatis, along the length of a channel).3.1.6 segment, nin a GCCM installation, an individualstrip or section of GCCM material.3.1.7 shingled joint, nin a GCCM, a connection method oftwo separate segm
12、ents of GCCM where a length of onesegment overlaps on top of an adjacent segment.3.1.8 transverse layup, nin a GCCM installation, a de-ployed position of the GCCM where the material is deployedtransverse to the greater length of the structure being lined (thatis, across the width of a channel).3.1.9
13、 unjointed edge, nin a GCCM installation, an edge ofthe segment of GCCM that is not secured within an anchortrench or sufficiently fixed to provide immediate contactbetween the segment and substrate and to minimize ingress.Sometimes referred to as “free ends.”1This guide is under the jurisdiction of
14、ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.05 on Geosynthetic ErosionControl.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallyapproved in 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D8173-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm
15、.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), 38800 Country Club Dr.,Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3439, http:/www.concrete
16、.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of
17、International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2 For definitions of additional terms used in this standard,refer to Terminology D4439.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide identifies proper layout, installatio
18、n, andhydration procedures along with equipment for use by GCCMdesigners, inspectors, and installers.4.2 ApplicationsTypical GCCM applications may includebut are not limited to:4.2.1 Hydraulic structure armoring or protection, includingbut not limited to: ditches, swales, canals, flumes, and othersi
19、milar structures.4.2.2 Slope protection.4.2.3 Berm and bund lining and protection.4.2.4 Culvert invert lining.4.2.5 Scour protection at culvert inlets and outlets.4.2.6 Remediation of existing concrete channels and struc-tures.4.2.7 Lining of outfalls and spillways.4.2.8 Mow strips or weed suppressi
20、on.5. Procedure5.1 Pre-Construction Meeting and Safety:5.1.1 The methods and equipment used for the placement ofGCCMs can vary, but the primary objective of the process is tominimize damage and maximize performance. For optimumperformance, the GCCM must be installed in a manner thatdoes not negative
21、ly impact its physical, mechanical, or hydrau-lic properties.5.1.2 All applicable project safety requirements should beobserved. Prior to handling any GCCM, the manufacturersSafety Data Sheet (SDS) should be read and understood.5.1.3 With most projects, the construction means and meth-ods are the re
22、sponsibility of the installation contractor.However, pre-construction meetings between the owner ortheir representative, the contractor, the GCCM manufacturingrepresentative, or other parties should be held prior to instal-lation of the GCCM material.5.1.4 This meeting shall cover details of (at a m
23、inimum):5.1.4.1 GCCM application purpose and objectives.5.1.4.2 Review of installation procedures.5.1.4.3 Provisions for heavy lifting equipment needed forhandling and installing GCCM rolls that are too large formanual lifting, based on local requirements for manual labor.5.1.4.4 Clear understanding
24、 of each partys responsibilitiesand authority.5.1.4.5 Availability of required ancillaries which can in-clude screws, connectors, ground pegs, and adhesives to beused.5.1.4.6 Understanding the jointing of the GCCM segmentswhen connecting to appurtenant structures, concrete slabs,curbs, soil surface,
25、 etc.5.1.4.7 Agreed-upon time estimates for installing, then hy-drating for each day.5.1.4.8 Provisions for hydration water source, both requiredvolume and hydration procedure for determining if the GCCMis completely hydrated.5.1.5 Prior to deployment, the entire fabrication and instal-lation proced
26、ures shall be reviewed and accepted by all parties.5.2 GCCM Storage at Installation Site:5.2.1 GCCMs harden when exposed to water, and thereforeshould be properly stored to prevent exposure to water andmoisture prior to the desired installation.5.2.2 GCCMs should be stored under cover in dry condi-t
27、ions away from direct sunlight and, if possible, in themanufacturers sealed packaging.5.2.3 For some GCCMs, it is not recommended to store inshipping containers in direct sunlight where temperatures mayexceed 40 C (100 F) for prolonged periods of time.5.2.4 Once the manufacturers original sealed pac
28、king isopened, the material should be deployed shortly thereafter (thatis, within 24 h); if there is leftover material, the leftovermaterial is returned to a sealed package daily or other airtightpackaging around the roll.5.3 Installation Equipment:5.3.1 Several means of handling and deploying the G
29、CCMrolls are possible. Typically, large rolls may be deployed withproper heavy equipment. Large rolls may be cut into smallersections or rolls on-site. Roll sizes and widths may vary bymanufacturer.5.3.2 Smaller rolls or precut segments may be handledmanually, depending on weight and local lifting r
30、egulations.5.3.3 Larger rolls may be handled and deployed by handlingthrough suspension using a spreader bar or beam of appropriatelength and load rating fed through the material core. Seeexample schematic of some proper handling equipment in Fig.1.5.3.4 Additional tools and equipment for jointing a
31、nd fixingGCCMs may include: snap-off blade utility knife, anglegrinder or disc cutter, sledgehammer, power-actuated nail gun,auto-fed screw driver, and caulking gun. Refer to manufactur-ers guidelines for additional tooling requirements and sugges-tions.FIG. 1 Details of Typical Large Roll Lifting a
32、nd Handling DeviceD8173 1825.4 GCCM Material Selection:5.4.1 GCCMs are available in different thicknesses andgrades. Consult manufacturers recommendations on the shearand strength requirements of various applications and specifyan appropriate thickness for project requirements. Consider-ations inclu
33、de but are not limited to: flow rates, shear, trafficconcerns, subgrade, soil heaving, wind uplift, abrasion, andother factors including:5.4.1.1 Thin GCCMs, typically less than 8 mm (0.32 in.) inthickness, may be adequate for noncritical erosion protectionor remediation and non-trafficked slope prot
34、ection. ThickerGCCMs, typically larger than 8 mm (0.32 in.) in thickness,may be used for more robust protection applications. GCCMrolls are available in various thicknesses, widths, lengths, andweights by manufacturer. Proper handling equipment withproper load ratings should be used. Refer to GCCM m
35、anufac-turers specifications for details.5.4.1.2 Typically, GCCMs have a proper orientation toallow for hydration; the proper surface should be placed faceup to allow for this hydration. With some GCCMs, the toplayer dissolves on hydration.5.4.1.3 GCCM materials may have a bottom layer flap orother
36、attachment mechanism which is designed for improvingattachment and jointing.5.5 Subgrade Preparation (Soil and Earthen Substrates):5.5.1 Subgrade preparation involves the grading and com-paction of the soil surface or other subgrade material that willultimately receive the GCCM segment. Prepare soil
37、 surfaces orother subgrades by clearing debris, sharp or protruding rocks,and vegetation, including roots.5.5.2 Shape and grade the soil to the elevations, slope, anddimensions required for the GCCM placement and accordingto the performance criteria as per the design specification of thestructure. G
38、CCMs shall be in immediate contact with thesubgrade to which they are being applied, and shall generallyconform to the subgrade. If the grade upon which the GCCMis placed contains ridges, bumps, or valleys, these features maybe visible once the GCCM is installed. If the grade is smooth,generally fir
39、m, and compacted, the GCCM will lie smooth andflat. Other geotextiles can be used to dampen undulations andprovide additional protection to the bottom face of the GCCM.5.6 Unjointed Edge Treatments and Anchor Trenches:5.6.1 It is important to install the GCCM in such a way thatprevents or minimizes
40、the potential for undermining of thesubgrade. This is especially true in channel armoring andprotections applications, or where the GCCM is designed totransport/contain liquids, or both.5.6.2 All unjointed edges (leading, trailing, toe, and crest)should be properly installed with an anchor trench, o
41、r fixedmechanically, or sealed in such a way that liquid, wind, or bothcannot ingress. Consult Fig. 2 for examples of anchor trenchesused on GCCM deployment on a slope. Some slope applica-tions require backfill compaction.5.6.3 Anchor trenches may vary in depth depending uponproject conditions inclu
42、ding soils, hydraulics, subgradestrength, differential settlement, installation techniques, and therecommendation of the design engineer.5.6.4 Dig anchor trenches before deployment of the GCCM.This will facilitate the process of placing the GCCM quicklyand neatly, and provides a footprint of the tot
43、al GCCM area tobe covered. Following hydration of the GCCM within theanchor trench, the trench should then be backfilled andcompacted.5.6.5 Any voids in the substrate which the GCCM will spanacross should be filled prior to deployment. This is to preventcyclical loading in flow conditions and also t
44、o support theGCCM when subjected to point loads.5.7 Subgrade Preparation (Concrete, Shotcrete, and As-phalt):5.7.1 Failing concrete must be stabilized and large cracksand voids filled.5.7.2 Any exposed, sharp, or protruding reinforcement barsshould be cut flush.5.7.3 The surface should be cleaned an
45、d any loose, friable,and spalled concrete removed.5.8 Subgrade Preparation (Corrugated Metal Pipe):5.8.1 Some GCCMs may be installed over areas of minorcorrosion and pitting in the invert of corrugated metal pipe(CMP) culverts.5.8.2 Areas in the invert should be cleaned and sharp edgesremoved.5.8.3
46、Void areas under penetrated inverts should be infilledwith an appropriated material, which may include soil, grout,concrete, asphalt, or gravel, such that the GCCM is supportedwhen installed.5.9 Deployment of GCCM Segments:5.9.1 In all installations, it is important to orientate anddeploy the GCCM s
47、uch that the proper hydratable surface layeris exposed for hydration, defined as the top layer.5.9.2 GCCM rolls should be deployed in a controlledmanner, and should not be allowed to freewheel or spin undertheir own weight.5.9.3 Depending upon the length of the slope, roll sizesshould be considered
48、to avoid jointing in the slope, if possible.FIG. 2 Anchor Trenching DetailsD8173 183For larger rolls, a staging area may be recommended duringconstruction where larger rolls can be cut into desired lengthsto accommodate installation.5.9.4 Installation of the GCCM in water conveyance chan-nels usuall
49、y begins at the lowest elevation, with successivesegments installed as installation proceeds upstream.5.10 Jointing:5.10.1 Layers of GCCM materials should be jointed(shingled or butted) to minimize ingress between adjacentlayers.5.10.2 Shingle Joints:5.10.2.1 Segments may be placed in a shingled joint eitherlongitudinal or transverse to the direction of the flow, depend-ing on project dimensions. Fig. 3 illustrates an example ofproper shingling. Figs. 4 and 5 demonstrate longitudinal andtransverse layups of GCCM in a ditching application.5.10.2.2 In many applica
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