ASTM E1-2005 Standard Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers《ASTM玻管液体温度计的标准规范》.pdf

1、Designation:E105Method 9501Federal TestMethod Standard No. 791bStandard Specification forASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the

2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers l

3、iquid-in-glass thermometersgraduated in degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit that arefrequently identified and used in methods under the jurisdictionof the various technical committees within ASTM. The variousthermometers specified are listed in Table 1. The inclusion ofan IP number in Table 1 indi

4、cates, where appearing, that thethermometer specification has been jointly agreed upon by theBritish Institute of Petroleum (IP) and ASTM.1.2 This specification also covers adjustable-rangeenclosed-scale thermometers, graduated in degrees Celsius,which are used in ASTM methods.1.3 The enclosed-scale

5、 thermometers are commonly calledBeckmann thermometers. They are suitable for measuringsmall temperature differences not exceeding 6 C within alarger range of temperature. The thermometers are unsuitablefor measuring Celsius- or kelvin-scale temperatures unless theyhave been compared with standard i

6、nstruments immediatelybefore use.1.4 An alphabetic list of the ASTM Thermometers includedin this standard is given in Table 2.1.5 A list of ASTM Thermometers is given in Table 3 tofacilitate selection according to temperature range, immersion,and scale-error requirements.NOTE 1For a listing of therm

7、ometers recommended for generallaboratory use, the ScientificApparatus MakersAssociation Specificationsfor General Purpose Glass Laboratory Thermometers may be consulted.2NOTE 2It has been found by experience that these ASTM Thermom-eters, although developed in general for specific tests, may also b

8、e foundsuitable for other applications, thus precluding the need for new thermom-eter specifications differing in only minor features. However, it issuggested that technical committees contact Subcommittee E20.05 beforechoosing a currently specified thermometer for a new method to be surethe thermom

9、eter will be suitable for the intended application.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of

10、regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE 344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-etryE 563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bathas a Reference TemperatureE 2251 Specific

11、ation for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions given in TerminologyE 344 apply.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 adjusting device, na section of the instrument usedto adjust the amount of mercury in th

12、e bulb and main capillaryto that needed for the intended temperature interval.3.2.2 bulb length, nthe distance from the bottom of thebulb to the junction of the bulb and the stem tubing.3.2.3 contraction chamber, nan enlargement of the cap-illary, that will appear below the main scale or between the

13、main scale and the auxiliary scale, which serves to reduce itslength or to prevent contraction of the liquid column into thebulb.3.2.4 diameter, nthe largest outside dimension of theglass as measured with a ring gage.3.2.5 expansion chamber, nan enlargement at the top ofthe capillary to provide prot

14、ection against breakage caused byexcessive gas pressure.3.2.6 interval error, nthe deviation of the nominal valueof a temperature interval from its true value; either for the totalrange (total interval) or for a part of the range (partial interval).3.2.7 saddle, nthe bottom support of the enclosed s

15、cale.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 onTemperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.05on Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers and Hydrometers.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originallyapproved in 1939. Last p

16、revious edition approved in 2003 as E 1 03a.2Available from SAMA Group of Assocs., 225 Reinekers, Ste. 625, Alexandria,VA 23314.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informatio

17、n, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.8 setting temperature, nthe temperature that yields areading of zero on the main scale for a given adjustment of t

18、heamount of mercury in the bulb and main capillary.3.2.9 thermometric liquid, nthe liquid in a liquid-in-glassthermometer that indicates the value of temperature.3.2.10 top of the thermometer, nthe top of the finishedinstrument.3.2.11 total length, nthe distance from the bottom of thebulb to the top

19、 of the finished thermometer, including anyspecial finish at the top.3.2.12 Other descriptions of terms shall be in accordancewith the Terminology section of Test Method E77.Part ASolid-Stem Thermometers4. Specifications4.1 The individual thermometers shall conform to the de-tailed specifications gi

20、ven in Table 1 and to the generalrequirements specified in Sections 5-15.4.2 Thermometers manufactured to previous revisions ofthis specification shall retain the same ASTM status as thosemeeting current specifications.4.3 The encapsulation (jacketing) of the glass of liquid-in-glass thermometers wi

21、th polyfluorinated hydrocarbons willchange their performance and physical characteristics, includ-ing, but not limited to, response time, accuracy, and physicaldimensions. Therefore, under no circumstances should anencapsulated or otherwise modified ASTM thermometer beused in performing tests that s

22、pecify the use of an ASTMthermometer.5. Type5.1 The thermometers, as specified in Table 1, shall be filledwith one of the following liquids:5.1.1 Mercury,5.1.2 Mercury thallium eutectic alloy, or5.1.3 Toluene or other suitable liquid colored with a perma-nent red dye.5.2 The filling above the liquid

23、 shall be nitrogen or othersuitable inert gas.6. Stem6.1 StemThe stem shall be made of suitable thermometertubing and shall have a plain front and enamel back, unlessotherwise specified in Table 1.6.2 Top Finish The top of all thermometers specified inTable 1 shall have a plain rounded finish, excep

24、t the followingwhich shall have the top finish indicated below (unlessindicated as optional):6.2.1 Glass Button Finish:Thermometers 23C, 24C, and 25C6.2.2 Special Finish:6.2.2.1 Suitable for assembly in a standard 304.8-mm (12-in.) non-sparking metal armor with open face; in a cup caseassembly; or i

25、n a flushing case assembly:Thermometers 58C, 58F, 59C, 59F, 60C, 60F, 97C, 97F, 98C, 98F,130C, and 130F6.2.2.2 Suitable for assembly in a 12-in. non-sparking metalarmor with open face:Thermometer 99F6.2.3 Ring Top (optional only)Thermometers 11C and11F.7. Bulb7.1 The bulb shall be made of glass havi

26、ng a viscosity of atleast 1014.6poises at 490 C (914 F) and at least 1013.4poisesat 520 C (968 F).7.2 Thermometers made with bulb glasses not meeting theminimum properties in 7.1 shall not be subjected to tempera-tures above 405 C (760 F) or be continuously exposed totemperatures above 370 C (700 F)

27、.8. Capillary Clearances8.1 The following distances between graduations and thebulb, and between graduations and enlargements in the capil-lary, shall be minimum limits for thermometers in this speci-fication.NOTE 3In order for a thermometer to be usable over its entiregraduated range, graduation ma

28、rks should not be placed too close to anyenlargement in the capillary. Insufficient immersion of the thermometricliquid in the main bulb or capillary enlargement, graduation marks placedover parts of the capillary that have been changed by manufacturingoperations, or graduations so close to the top

29、of the thermometer thatexcessive gas pressure results when the thermometric liquid is raised tothis level, may lead to appreciable errors.8.1.1 A 13-mm length of unchanged capillary between thebulb and the immersion line or lowest graduation, if thegraduation is not above 100 C (212 F); a 30-mm leng

30、th if thegraduation is above 100 C (212 F).8.1.2 A 5-mm length of unchanged capillary between anenlargement and the graduation next below, except at the top ofthe thermometer.8.1.3 A 10-mm length of unchanged capillary between anenlargement, other than the bulb, and the immersion line or thegraduati

31、on next above, if the graduation is not above 100 C(212 F); a 30-mm length if the graduation is above 100 C(212 F).8.1.4 A 10-mm length of unchanged capillary above thehighest graduation, if there is an expansion chamber at the topof the thermometer; a 30-mm length if there is no expansionchamber. F

32、or the purposes of this requirement, “an expansionchamber” is interpreted as an enlargement at the top end of thecapillary bore which shall have a capacity equivalent to not lessthan 20 mm of unchanged capillary.8.2 It is possible to manufacture thermometers that complywith the specifications given

33、in Table 1, but do not meet therequirements for capillary clearances given above. In any case,the distances given in this section shall be the governing factor.Under no circumstances shall the scales on thermometers beplaced closer than these minimum distances.9. Graduations and Inscriptions9.1 All

34、graduation lines, immersion lines, figures, andletters shall be clearly defined, suitably colored, and perma-nent. The width and the sharpness of the graduation lines shallbe in accordance with 9.2. The middle of the graduation lineshall be determinable.E10529.1.1 A suitably etched thermometer with

35、the etched linesand figures filled with a pigment shall be considered perma-nently marked provided it passes the test for permanency ofpigment in Test Method E77.9.1.2 A thermometer marked by other means shall also beconsidered permanently marked, provided it passes the test forpermanency of pigment

36、 in Test Method E77.9.2 Graduation LinesAll graduation lines shall bestraight, of uniform width, and perpendicular to the axis of thethermometer. The width of the graduation lines shall be asfollows:9.2.1 Group 1Maximum line width 0.10 mm; for ther-mometers that may read to fractions of a division,

37、often withmagnifying aids:Thermometers 14C, 14F, 26C, 28C, 28F, 29C, 29F, 30F, 33C,33F, 34C, 34F, 35C, 35F, 44C, 44F, 45C, 45F, 46C, 46F, 47C, 47F,48C, 48F, 50F, 51F, 52C, 56C, 56F, 62C, 62F, 63C, 63F, 64C, 64F,65C, 65F, 66C, 66F, 67C, 67F, 68C, 68F, 69C, 69F, 70C, 70F, 72C,72F, 73C, 73F, 74C, 74F,

38、89C, 90C, 91C, 92C, 93C, 94C, 95C, 96C,100C, 101C, 110C, 110F, 111C, 112C, 113C, 113F, 116C, 117C,118C, 118F, 119C, 119F, 120C, 121C, 126C, 126F, 127C, 128C,128F, 129C, 129F, 132C, 133C, and 137C.9.2.2 Group 2Maximum line width 0.15 mm; for ther-mometers that may be read to the nearest half division

39、 or wherethe congestion of scale dictates the use of a scale with moderatefineness:Thermometers 1C, 1F, 2C, 2F, 3C, 3F, 5C, 5F, 6C, 6F, 7C, 7F, 8C,8F, 9C, 9F, 10C, 10F, 11C, 11F, 12C, 12F, 13C, 15C, 15F, 16C, 16F,17C, 17F, 18C, 18F, 19C, 19F, 20C, 20F, 21C, 21F, 22C, 22F, 23C,24C, 25C, 36C, 37C, 38C

40、, 39C, 40C, 41C, 42C, 43C, 43F, 49C,54C, 54F, 61C, 61F, 71C, 71F, 82C, 82F, 83C, 83F, 84C, 84F, 85C,85F, 86C, 86F, 87C, 87F, 99C, 99F, 102C, 103C, 104C, 105C,106C, 107C, 108F, 109F, 114C, 122C, 123C, 124C, 125C, 134C,135C, 135F, 136C, and 136F.9.2.3 Group 3Maximum line width 0.20 mm; for ther-momete

41、rs with more open scales, usually read to the nearestdivision, often times under adverse conditions where a boldgraduation is therefore desired:Thermometers 27C, 57C, 57F, 58C, 58F, 59C, 59F, 60C, 60F,75F, 76F, 77F, 78F, 79F, 80F, 81F, 88C, 88F, 97C, 97F, 98C, 98F,130C, and 130F.9.3 Immersion LineOn

42、 partial immersion thermometersan immersion line shall be permanently marked on the front ofthe thermometer at the distance above the bottom of the bulb asspecified in Table 1 within a tolerance of 60.5 mm, except forThermometers 82F to 87F, which shall have no immersion line.The immersion inscripti

43、on shall be written in capital letters andabbreviated (for example, 76 mm immersion shall be written76 MM IMM).9.4 Terminal NumbersThe terminal number shall be infull when there are one or more numbered graduations betweenit and the last full number, before the terminal number. Thisrule need not nec

44、essarily be followed for:9.4.1 Saybolt Viscosity Thermometers:17C, 17F, 19C, 19F, 20C, 20F, 21C, 21F, 77F, 78F, 79F, 80F, and81F9.4.2 Kinematic Viscosity Thermometers:28F, 29F, 30F, 44F, 45F, 46F, 47F, 48F, 72F, 73F, 74F, 110F, 118F,126F, 128F, and 129F9.4.3 Engler Viscosity Thermometers:23C, 24C, a

45、nd 25C9.4.4 Precision Thermometers:65F, 66F, 67C, 67F, and 68C9.4.5 Tank Thermometer:97F9.4.6 Solidification Point Thermometers:100C and 101C9.4.7 Reid Vapor Pressure:18C and 18F9.4.8 Oxidation Stability:22C and 22F9.5 Scale Below ZeroWhen a scale extends both aboveand below 0 C or 0 F, the two part

46、s of the scale shall bedifferentiated by some means. Examples of suitable means are:9.5.1 Different pigment colors for the two parts of the scale,9.5.2 Different style of numerical characters for the twoparts of the scale, and9.5.3 Use of minus signs before appropriate numbers below0Cor0F.10. Specia

47、l Inscription10.1 The special inscription specified in Table 1 shall bemarked on the thermometer in capital letters and Arabicnumbers without the use of periods. In addition to the specialinscription prescribed in Table 1, each thermometer shall bepermanently marked with a unique serial number and t

48、hemanufacturers tradename or mark.10.2 Engraving Revision Date on ASTM ThermometersInclude year of current revision in ASTM designation (forexample, ASTM 1C-99).11. Permanency of Pigment11.1 The test for permanency of pigment shall be performedon any convenient portion of the scale section of the th

49、ermom-eter. The pigment shall not chalk, burn out, or loosen as a resultof this test (see Test Method E77).12. Bulb Stability12.1 The test for bulb stability shall be made for thefollowing thermometers in the temperature range specifiedbelow for 24 h. The scale indications after the test shall bewithin the maximum scale error specified in Table 1. Obser-vations of a reference point before and after the test to give ameasure of the degree of bulb stability achieved in manufac-ture. The bulb is considered stable if the change in indicatio