1、Designation: E108 11E108 16 An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forFire Tests of Roof Coverings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E108; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response sta
3、ndard covers the measurement of the relative fire characteristics of roof coverings under exposedto simulated fire sources originating outside the building. It is applicable to roof coverings intended for installation on eithercombustible or noncombustible roof decks when applied as intended for use
4、. The following test methods are included:1.1.1 Intermittent flame exposure test.1.1.2 Spread of flame test.1.1.3 Burning brand test.1.1.4 Flying brand test.1.1.5 Rain test.1.2 Three classes of fire test exposure are described:1.2.1 Class A Tests are applicable to roof coverings that are expected to
5、 be effective against severe testfire exposure, afford ahigh degree of fire protection to the roof deck, do not slip from position, and doare not expected to present a flying brand hazard.1.2.2 Class B Tests are applicable to roof coverings that are expected to be effective against moderate testfire
6、 exposure, afforda moderate degree of fire protection to the roof deck, do not slip from position, and doare not expected to present a flying brandhazard.1.2.3 Class C Tests are applicable to roof coverings that are effective against light testfire exposure, afford a light degree of fireprotection t
7、o the roof deck, do not slip from position, and doare not expected to present a flying brand hazard.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not con
8、sidered standard.1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled laboratory conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment ofthe materials, products or
9、assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatoryli
10、mitations prior to use.1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous.Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting thesetests.1.7 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes,excluding those in ta
11、bles and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt) Surfaced With Mineral Granules (Withdrawn 2012)3D226 Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Used in Roofing and Water
12、proofingD227 Specification for Coal-Tar-Saturated Organic Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.14 on External FireExposures.Current edition approved Sept. 15
13、, 2011Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2011November 2016. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 20102011as E108 - 10a.E108 11. DOI: 10.1520/E0108-11.10.1520/E0108-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at servic
14、eastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an
15、ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as publish
16、ed by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D312 Specification for Asphalt Used in RoofingD450 Specification for
17、 Coal-Tar Pitch Used in Roofing, Dampproofing, and WaterproofingD1227 Specification for Emulsified Asphalt Used as a Protective Coating for RoofingD2178 Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofing and WaterproofingD2626 Specification for Asphalt-Saturated and Coated Organic Felt Base Sheet
18、Used in RoofingD2898 Practice for Accelerated Weathering of Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood for Fire TestingD3018 Specification for Class A Asphalt Shingles Surfaced with Mineral GranulesD3158 Specification for Asphalt Saturated and Coated Organic Felt Used in Roofing (Withdrawn 1983)3D3378 Specificatio
19、n for Asphalt-Saturated and Coated Asbestos Felt Base Sheet Used in Roofing (Withdrawn 1985)3D3462 Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from Glass Felt and Surfaced with Mineral GranulesD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsD4444 Test Method fo
20、r Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters2.2 UL Standards:UL 55A Materials for Built-Up Roof Coverings4UL790 Tests for Fire Resistance of Roof Covering Materials42.3 NFPA Standards:NFPA 256 Tests of Roof Coverings (Withdrawn 2008)52.4 NIST Standards:Department of Comm
21、erce (DOC) Voluntary Product Standard PS-1 Structural PlywoodDepartment of Commerce (DOC) Voluntary Product Standard PS-2 Performance Standard for Wood-based Structural-usePanels3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 significant lateral spreadsurface flaming beyond 1-ft. from the lead edge, extending o
22、utward to both lateral edges of thetest deck assembly or to both inner edges of metal batten strips, if used, along the side edges of the test deck assembly.3.1.2 sustained flamingany flaming which continues uninterrupted for 5 seconds or more.3.1.3 prepared roof coveringproducts consisting of shing
23、les, tiles, panels or rolled materials that are typically used for highslope roof applications which are applied directly to the roof deck (usually with one or more layers of underlayment and with orwithout battens) in accordance with installation instructions supplied with the products.4. Significa
24、nce and Use4.1 The test methods described herein are intended to provide a basis for relative comparison of roof coverings. The testmethods include simulated fire exposure to the outside of the roof coverings, and, where applicable, a determination as to whetherthe fire performance characteristics o
25、f the roof coverings will be adversely affected by prolonged exposure to rain.4.2 These test methods measure the surface spread of flame and the ability of the roof covering material or system to resist firepenetration from the exterior to the underside of a roof deck under the conditions of exposur
26、e.4.3 These test methods also provide criteria to determine if the roof covering material will develop flying burning material,identified as flying brands, when subjected to a 12-mph (5.3-m/s) wind during the simulated fire exposure tests.4.4 These test methods do not necessarily illustrate the expe
27、cted performance of roof coverings under all actual fire conditions,but they do provide a basis for comparing roof covering materials when subjected to fire sources that are described herein.4.5 These test methods do not provide any basis for determining the fire resistance characteristics when expo
28、sed to a fireoriginating in the building to which the roofing material is applied.4.6 The test methods described herein involve calibrating the test equipment using a calibration deck inclined at a slope of 5in. per horizontal ft (0.416:1). The tests described herein are performed on test decks incl
29、ined at slopes up to and including 5 in.per horizontal ft. The severity of the test exposure decreases as the slope of the test deck decreases below 5 in. per horizontal ft.5. Apparatus and Calibration5.1 The essential elements of the fire test apparatus used for tests described in Sections 8-11 are
30、 illustrated in Fig. 1.They consistof the following:(a) A test deck to which the roof-covering materials to be tested are applied, mounted on a framework. The incline of theframework is to be adjustable with respect to incline (slope) as well as the vertical position for fire testing decks with insu
31、latedroof coverings.4 Available from Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062.5 Available from National Fire Protection Assoc., 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269.E108 162(b) A construction of noncombustible boards, mounted on the front of the framework to simulate
32、 eaves and cornices.(c) A gas burner (for intermittent-flame, spread-of-flame and flying brand tests) consisting of a 44-in. (1.12 m) length ofnominal 2 in. (2.38 in./60.3 mm OD) pipe having a 12-in. (12.7 mm) (12.7 mm) wide, 36-in. (0.91 m) long slot in the side towardthe test deck. The burner is t
33、o be supplied with gas at both ends through nominal 1-in. (1.32 in./33.4 mm OD) pipe to provideuniform gas pressure at the burner assembly.(d) A blower and air duct for providing the required wind conditions.(e) Adjustable fins mounted inside the air duct to straighten the air stream and reduce turb
34、ulence.(f) A baffle mounted on the back edge of the test deck to prevent backfiring under the deck.(g) Noncombustible boards extended from the sides and bottom of the air duct to the simulated-eaves-and-cornicesconstruction mentioned in (b) (not used during burning brand).(h) Fire calibration exposu
35、re pattern (See (see 5.5.5).5.1.1 During the test:5.1.1.1 Provide free outlet to outside air beyond and above the test apparatus to exhaust air introduced into the test room by theblower, and5.1.1.2 Close all openings into the test room other than those mentioned in 5.1.1, such as doors and windows.
36、5.2 The temperature of the air supplied by the blower shall be maintained between 50 and 90F (10 and 32C).5.3 Fig. 2 illustrates an example of the essential elements of a rain test apparatus.5.4 Calibrating Air Current:5.4.1 Set up the test apparatus for the intermittent flame test and position a ba
37、re 3-ft, 4-in. by 4-ft, 4 in. (1 m by 1.3 m) plywood,gypsum board or fiber cement board calibration deck on the framework at an incline of 5 in. per horizontal ft (0.416:1).5.4.2 Measure the air velocity midway up the slope of the calibration deck at its center and 3 in. (76 mm) from each edge.(See
38、Appendix X1 for metric equivalents.)FIG. 1 Schematic Drawing of Fire Test ApparatusE108 163NOTE 1Any direct reading instrument with scale graduated in increments of not more than 20 ft/min (6 m/min) or any timed instrument with scalegraduated (for a 1 min timed reading) in increments of not more tha
39、n 5 ft/min (1.5 m/min) will be suitable.5.4.3 Position the center of the air measuring device at a nominal 31116 in. (94 mm) above the surface. The air flow throughand around the instrument shall be as free and undisturbed as possible.5.4.4 Adjust the air supply system to produce a 1 min timed avera
40、ge velocity of 1056 6 44 ft/min corresponding to 12 6 0.5mph (5.3 6 0.2 m/s) at each of the three locations detailed in 5.4.2. In order to comply with 5.5.5, it shall be permitted to adjustthe 1-min time averaged velocity at each location by 65 % from the initial value within the range 1012 to 1100
41、ft/min (5.1 to 5.5m/s). This deviation in an individual 1-min timed average velocity shall only be permitted when the average of the 1-min timedaverage velocity of all three locations is 12 6 0.5 mph (5.3 6 0.2 m/s).5.5 Calibrating Flame Temperature:5.5.1 Following the calibration of the air current
42、 described in 5.4, position a fiber cement board calibration deck, 4 ft, 4 in. (1.3m) long on the framework at an incline of 5 in. per horizontal ft (0.416:1).5.5.2 Measure the temperature with a No. 14 B Each 214 by 12-in. (57 by 305-mm) face for 45 s; andEach 12 by 12-in. (305 by 305-mm) face agai
43、n for 30 s.10.4.2 Expose Class B test brands to the flame for 4 min, during which time they shall be rotated so as to present each surfaceto the flame in the following manner and sequence:(See Appendix X1 for metric equivalents.)FIG. 4 Brands for Classes A, B, and C TestsE108 168Each 6 by 6-in. (152
44、 by 152-mm) face for 30 s;Each 214 by 6-in. (57 by 152-mm) face for 30 s; andEach 6 by 6-in. (152 by 152-mm) face again for 30 s10.4.3 Expose Class C test brands to the flame for 2 min, during which time they shall be rotated so as to present each of the112 by 112-in. (38 by 38-mm) faces to the flam
45、e for 1 min.10.5 Test Conditions:10.5.1 Class A Tests:10.5.1.1 Place a brand on the surface of each test deck at the location considered most vulnerable (point of minimum coverageover deck joint) with respect to ignition of the deck but in no case closer than 4 in. (101 mm) from either side or 12 in
46、. (305 mm)from the top or bottom edge of the deck. Place the brand so that the strips in both the upper and lower layers are parallel to thedirection of air flow and with the upper edge of the brand located 3 in. (76 mm) above the horizontal joint in the test deck. Secureto the deck by a No. 18 B th
47、e saw kerf on the deck side of the brand is parallel to the direction of air flow.10.5.3.1 In addition to 10.5.3, when the roof covering is comprised of lapped courses that are composed of loose or unfastenedportions that are capable of being bent up to 90 without injury to the fastenings, cut away
48、the loose or unfastened portions andplace the brand so it is not closer than 12 in. (13 mm) from the bottom edge of the lapped course above, nor closer than 2 in. (51mm) to a joint in the roof covering material in the same course. When the roof covering is comprised of rigid lapped courses, placethe
49、 brands over a joint in the roof covering material in the course approximately 12 in. (13 mm) from the bottom edge of the lappedcourse above.10.5.3.2 If the roof covering is applied to plywood or other panel type decks, place the brands so that as many of the 20 brandsas possible are centered over panel joints in the test deck.10.6 Duration of TestContinue each individual test, ClassA, B, or C, until the brand is totally consumed and until all evidenceof flame, glow, and smoke has disappeared from both the exposed surface of the material being tested and the
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