ASTM E135-2009a 7500 Standard Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals Ores and Related Materials.pdf

1、Designation: E135 09aStandard Terminology Relating toAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of

2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used inanalytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials.Terms that

3、 are generally understood or defined adequately inother readily available sources are either not included or theirsources are identified.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a discussion.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstandards organi

4、zation or ASTM committee are identified withthe name of the organization or the identifying document andASTM committee.1.4 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emis-sion spectrometry) are identified with an italicized introductoryphrase.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1914

5、 Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Develop-ment and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical AnalysisE2437 Practice for Designing and Validating Performance-Based Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated MaterialsE2438 Practice for Implementing Standard PerformanceBased Test Metho

6、ds for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated Materials2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use in allstandards on analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related

7、materials. The definitions should be used uniformly andconsistently. The purpose of this terminology is to promoteclear understanding and interpretation of the standards inwhich definitions are used.4. Terminology Definitionsaim interlaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximum deviation(95 % confidence) to

8、 be allowed in the design of the totalinterlaboratory uncertainty of a test method, beginning withthe preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending with afinal report value to the client. E2437aim total intralaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximumdeviation (95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design

9、 ofthe total intralaboratory uncertainty of a test method, begin-ning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample andending with a final report value to the client. E2438aim uncertainty budget, nduring the development of astandard performance-based test method, the target alloca-tion of interlabora

10、tory measurement uncertainty among spe-cific components of a measurement process that contributesignificantly to the overall deviation. The target allocation ismade by the task group and serves as guidance for interlabo-ratory test participants during method testing. E2437analytical curvesee calibra

11、tion curve.analyte, nin methods of chemical analysis, the constituentdetermined by a chemical measurement process. E19141This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 onAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee E01

12、.23 on Terminology and Editorial.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E135 09. DOI:10.1520/E0135-09A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servic

13、e at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100

14、 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.analytical gap, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the re-gion between two electrodes in which the specimen isexcited and from which radiant energy is used for analysis.analytical line, nin atomic spectrometry, the parti

15、cularwavelength of electromagnetic radiation used in determiningthe presence or concentration of an element.arc, condensedsee discharge, triggered capacitor.continuous dc arc, na self-maintaining dc discharge.noncapacitive ac arc, nin atomic emission spectrometry,aseries of separate electrical disch

16、arges, individually self-initiating or initiated separately by another means, in whicheach current pulse has a polarity that is reversed from theprevious one.arc linenot recommended, see atom line.atom line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during ele

17、ctron transition asan excited atom returns to a lower energy level.atomic emission spectrometry (AES), npertaining to emis-sion spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible, or infraredwavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.between-laboratory standard deviation, sR, nthe standarddeviation of

18、 results obtained on the same material using thesame method in different laboratories (synonym: reproduc-ibility). E1914buffer, nin spectrometric analysis, a substance that tends tominimize the effects of one or more elements on theemission of other elements.burn, nin atomic emission spectrometry, t

19、hat portion of asolid specimen from which atoms were volatilized or sput-tered.burn, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to vaporize, orsputter, and excite a specimen with sufficient energy togenerate spectral radiation.calibrant, na reference material used for a calibration.calibrate, vt(1) to estab

20、lish the relationship between theresponse of an instrument and the concentration or mass ofthe analyte; (2) to establish a table of corrections to improvethe accuracy of equipment used to measure physical prop-erties such as mass, volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration, nthe act, process, or

21、result of establishing: (1)the relationship between the response of an instrument andthe concentration or mass of the substance determined; (2)atable of corrections to improve the accuracy of equipmentused to measure physical properties such as mass, volume,temperature, and so forth.calibration curv

22、e, nthe graphical or mathematical represen-tation of the relationship between the response of an instru-ment and the concentration or mass of the analyte.condensed arcsee under discharge, triggered capacitor.continuous dc arcsee under arc.certified reference material (CRM), na reference material,acc

23、ompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose propertyvalues are certified by a procedure which establishes trace-ability to an accurate realization of the unit in which theproperty values are expressed, and for which each certifiedvalue is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level ofconfide

24、nce.DISCUSSIONSee also standard reference material (SRM).counter electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, theelectrode in an analytical pair that does not contain thespecimen being analyzed.detection limit, nfor an analytical instrument, the minimumquantity of analyte expected to yield a respons

25、e greater thanzero. E1914discharge, triggered capacitor, na series of electrical dis-charges from capacitors initiated by a separate means andextinguished when the voltage across the analytical gap fallsto a value that no longer is sufficient to maintain it.division, nin sample preparation, a proces

26、s which divides asample into two or more subsamples without changing thecomposition.dor bead, na gold and silver alloy bead which results fromcupellation.drift correction, nin spectrometric analysis, the process ofadjusting for a translational shift or a rotational shift, or both,in an instrument ca

27、libration.electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, either of twoterminals between which an electrical discharge occurs.electrode gapnot recommended, see analytical gap.error, nof a result, the difference between a result obtainedon a material and its accepted reference value. E1914fatigue, nin a

28、tomic emission spectrometry, the decrease inresponse of a photoelectric radiant energy detector caused bythe accumulated exposure of the detector to radiant energy.filter, nin atomic spectrometry, a substance that attenuatesthe radiant power in a definite manner with respect tospectral distribution.

29、nonselective filternot recommended, see under filter.gross samplesee under sample.homologous lines, nin atomic emission spectrometry, spec-tral lines that exhibit minimal change in their intensity ratioswith variations in excitation conditions.increment, nin sampling, a portion of material removedfr

30、om a lot by a single operation.inquartation, vtin fire assay, the addition of silver tofacilitate parting.interlaboratory study (ILS), na study undertaken to dem-onstrate the precision and accuracy of a test method.E1914interlaboratory uncertainty, nin a performance basedstandard test method, the pr

31、ecision (95 % confidence) thatparticipating laboratories achieved during interlaboratorystudies, beginning with the preparation of a homogeneoussample and ending with a final report value to the client.E2437internal standard, nin spectrometry, a material present in oradded to test samples that serve

32、s as an intensity reference forspectral measurements.internal standard line, nin atomic spectrometry, a spectralline of an internal standard, to which the radiant energy of ananalytical line is compared.intralaboratory uncertainty, nin a performance basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % con

33、fidence) that alaboratory achieves when the method is used by more thanone operator. In test methods that establish maximumallowable intralaboratory uncertainties, users must be able toE135 09a2demonstrate compliance with those uncertainties in order toreport that a given test result was produced us

34、ing the namedmethod. E2437ion line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan ionized atom decays to a lower, but still ionized, energylevel; see atom line.laboratory samplesee under sample.linear dispersion, nthe derivative dx/

35、dl where x is thedistance along the spectrum and l is the wavelength.line pair, nin atomic emission spectrometry, an analyticalline and the internal standard line with which it is compared.lot, nin sampling, a collection of material regarded as a unit.matrix, nin methods of chemical analysis, all co

36、mponents ofa material except the analyte. E1914method, ninstructions used to produce a numerical result,which are detailed in a document referred to as “themethod.” E1914minimum standard deviation, sM, nthe standard deviationof results on a test material obtained under conditions ofminimum variabili

37、ty E1914nebulizer, na device for converting a sample solution into agas-liquid aerosol for atomic absorption, emission, fluores-cence, or mass analysis.neutral filtersee under filter.noncapacitive ac arcsee under arc.nonselective filtersee under filter.normalization, nin spectrometric analysis, (1)

38、the processof adjusting instrument output to conform to an establishedcondition using one or more homogeneous specimens orreference materials; (2) the adjustment of the analysis total to100 %, or some other total.parting, vtin fire assay, separating silver from gold byselectively dissolving the silv

39、er in acid.performance based method, na test method that defines:(1) the general approaches for sampling, sample preparation,and making measurements on a specified type of material;and (2) defines maximum allowable uncertainties for eachmeasured constituent over its validated concentration range.pol

40、ychromator, na device for simultaneously isolating sev-eral rays of monochromatic radiation from a beam ofpolychromatic radiation.preburn period, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the timeinterval after the initiation of a discharge during which theemitted radiation energy is not recorded for analyt

41、icalpurposes.premix burner, nin flame atomic absorption and atomicemission spectrometry, a burner in which the fuel gas ismixed with the oxidizing gas before reaching the combus-tion zone.prepared samplesee under sample.primary X rays, nin spectrometry, the emergent beam fromthe X-ray source.profile

42、, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to scan and setthe deflection of the grating, or actual or apparent position ofthe entrance slit, or actual or apparent location of the exitslits, to produce optimum measurement of intensity.proof, nin fire assay, a synthetic verifier having a preciousmetal conte

43、nt similar to that expected in the test sample.proof correction, nin fire assay, the adjustment to the finalassay obtained by analyzing the proof concurrently with thetest sample.radiant power, P, nthe rate at which energy is transported ina beam of radiant energy, preferably expressed in ergs perse

44、cond or watts.reciprocal linear dispersion, nthe derivative dl/dx where lis the wavelength and x is the distance along the spectrum.reference material (RM), nmaterial or substance one ormore of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneousand well established to be used for the calibration of a

45、napparatus, the assessment of a measurement method, or forassigning values to materials. ISO Guide 30repeatability, nsee within-laboratory standard deviation.E1914repeatability index, r, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results on the same test material ondifferent days in the same

46、 laboratory, a difference notexpected to be exceeded an average of more than once in 20comparisons (95 % probability). E1914repeatability standard deviation, nsee within-laboratorystandard deviation. E1914reproducibility, nsee between-laboratory standard devia-tion. E1914reproducibility index, R, na

47、n estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results on the same material in twolaboratories, a difference not expected to be exceeded anaverage of more than once in 20 comparisons (95 % prob-ability). E1914reproducibility standard deviation, nsee between-laboratory standard deviation. E1914reso

48、lution, nin atomic spectrometry, the minimum distanceby which two spectral lines must be separated before theycan be distinguished as being separate.result, nvalue representing the quantity of analyte that isobtained by applying a method one time to a test material.E1914sample, nin methods of chemic

49、al analysis, a portion of amaterial selected and processed to render its compositionrepresentative of the composition of the whole. (Contrastspecimen.) E1914gross sample, na sample representing one lot of materialand composed of a number of increments on which neitherreduction nor division has been performed.laboratory sample, na subsample, taken from the preparedsample of a lot, for submission to one or more laboratoriesfor chemical analysis.prepared sample, na subsample, taken from the grosssampl