ASTM E135-2009b 2500 Standard Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals Ores and Related Materials.pdf

1、Designation: E135 09bStandard Terminology Relating toAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of

2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used inanalytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials.Terms that

3、 are generally understood or defined adequately inother readily available sources are either not included or theirsources are identified.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a discussion.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstandards organi

4、zation or ASTM committee are identified withthe name of the organization or the identifying document andASTM committee.1.4 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emis-sion spectrometry) are identified with an italicized introductoryphrase.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1914

5、 Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Develop-ment and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical AnalysisE2437 Practice for Designing and Validating Performance-Based Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated MaterialsE2438 Practice for Implementing Standard PerformanceBased Test Metho

6、ds for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated Materials2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use in allstandards on analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related

7、materials. The definitions should be used uniformly andconsistently. The purpose of this terminology is to promoteclear understanding and interpretation of the standards inwhich definitions are used.4. Terminology Definitionsaim interlaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximum deviation(95 % confidence) to

8、 be allowed in the design of the totalinterlaboratory uncertainty of a test method, beginning withthe preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending with afinal report value to the client. E2437aim total intralaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximumdeviation (95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design

9、 ofthe total intralaboratory uncertainty of a test method, begin-ning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample andending with a final report value to the client. E2438aim uncertainty budget, nduring the development of astandard performance-based test method, the target alloca-tion of interlabora

10、tory measurement uncertainty among spe-cific components of a measurement process that contributesignificantly to the overall deviation. The target allocation ismade by the task group and serves as guidance for interlabo-ratory test participants during method testing. E2437analytical curvesee calibra

11、tion curve.analyte, nin methods of chemical analysis, the constituentdetermined by a chemical measurement process. E19141This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 onAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee E01

12、.23 on Terminology and Editorial.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E135 09a. DOI:10.1520/E0135-09B.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service

13、 at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100

14、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.analytical gap, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the re-gion between two electrodes in which the specimen isexcited and from which radiant energy is used for analysis.analytical line, nin atomic spectrometry, the partic

15、ularwavelength of electromagnetic radiation used in determiningthe presence or concentration of an element.arc, condensedsee discharge, triggered capacitor.continuous dc arc, na self-maintaining dc discharge.noncapacitive ac arc, nin atomic emission spectrometry,aseries of separate electrical discha

16、rges, individually self-initiating or initiated separately by another means, in whicheach current pulse has a polarity that is reversed from theprevious one.arc linenot recommended, see atom line.atom line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during elec

17、tron transition asan excited atom returns to a lower energy level.atomic emission spectrometry (AES), npertaining to emis-sion spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible, or infraredwavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.between-laboratory standard deviation, sR, nthe standarddeviation of

18、results obtained on the same material using thesame method in different laboratories (synonym: reproduc-ibility). E1914buffer, nin spectrometric analysis, a substance that tends tominimize the effects of one or more elements on theemission of other elements.burn, nin atomic emission spectrometry, th

19、at portion of asolid specimen from which atoms were volatilized or sput-tered.burn, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to vaporize, orsputter, and excite a specimen with sufficient energy togenerate spectral radiation.calibrant, na reference material used for a calibration.calibrate, vt(1) to establ

20、ish the relationship between theresponse of an instrument and the concentration or mass ofthe analyte; (2) to establish a table of corrections to improvethe accuracy of equipment used to measure physical prop-erties such as mass, volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration, nthe act, process, or r

21、esult of establishing: (1)the relationship between the response of an instrument andthe concentration or mass of the substance determined; (2)atable of corrections to improve the accuracy of equipmentused to measure physical properties such as mass, volume,temperature, and so forth.calibration curve

22、, nthe graphical or mathematical represen-tation of the relationship between the response of an instru-ment and the concentration or mass of the analyte.condensed arcsee under discharge, triggered capacitor.continuous dc arcsee under arc.certified reference material (CRM), na reference material,acco

23、mpanied by a certificate, one or more of whose propertyvalues are certified by a procedure which establishes trace-ability to an accurate realization of the unit in which theproperty values are expressed, and for which each certifiedvalue is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level ofconfiden

24、ce.DISCUSSIONSee also standard reference material (SRM).counter electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, theelectrode in an analytical pair that does not contain thespecimen being analyzed.detection limit, nthe smallest net signal (or the derivedproperty value, constituent mass fraction, etc.) o

25、btained by agiven measurement procedure, that can be distinguishedfrom the background signal at a specified confidence level.E1914DISCUSSIONThe detection limit may be designated as LD.Anequivalent alternative term is Limit of Detection with an acronym ofLOD.4discharge, triggered capacitor, na series

26、 of electrical dis-charges from capacitors initiated by a separate means andextinguished when the voltage across the analytical gap fallsto a value that no longer is sufficient to maintain it.division, nin sample preparation, a process which divides asample into two or more subsamples without changi

27、ng thecomposition.dor bead, na gold and silver alloy bead which results fromcupellation.drift correction, nin spectrometric analysis, the process ofadjusting for a translational shift or a rotational shift, or both,in an instrument calibration.electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, either of t

28、woterminals between which an electrical discharge occurs.electrode gapnot recommended, see analytical gap.error, nof a result, the difference between a result obtainedon a material and its accepted reference value. E1914fatigue, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the decrease inresponse of a photoele

29、ctric radiant energy detector caused bythe accumulated exposure of the detector to radiant energy.filter, nin atomic spectrometry, a substance that attenuatesthe radiant power in a definite manner with respect tospectral distribution.nonselective filternot recommended, see under filter.gross samples

30、ee under sample.homologous lines, nin atomic emission spectrometry, spec-tral lines that exhibit minimal change in their intensity ratioswith variations in excitation conditions.increment, nin sampling, a portion of material removedfrom a lot by a single operation.inquartation, vtin fire assay, the

31、addition of silver tofacilitate parting.interlaboratory study (ILS), na study undertaken to dem-onstrate the precision and accuracy of a test method.E1914interlaboratory uncertainty, nin a performance basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) thatparticipating laboratories achieved

32、during interlaboratorystudies, beginning with the preparation of a homogeneoussample and ending with a final report value to the client.E2437internal standard, nin spectrometry, a material present in oradded to test samples that serves as an intensity reference for4For a complete discussion, refer t

33、o L. A. Currie (ed.), Pure and AppliedChemistry, Vol 67, No. 10, 1995, pp. 16991723.E135 09b2spectral measurements.internal standard line, nin atomic spectrometry, a spectralline of an internal standard, to which the radiant energy of ananalytical line is compared.intralaboratory uncertainty, nin a

34、performance basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) that alaboratory achieves when the method is used by more thanone operator. In test methods that establish maximumallowable intralaboratory uncertainties, users must be able todemonstrate compliance with those uncertainties in or

35、der toreport that a given test result was produced using the namedmethod. E2437ion line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan ionized atom decays to a lower, but still ionized, energylevel; see atom line.laboratory samplese

36、e under sample.linear dispersion, nthe derivative dx/dl where x is thedistance along the spectrum and l is the wavelength.line pair, nin atomic emission spectrometry, an analyticalline and the internal standard line with which it is compared.lot, nin sampling, a collection of material regarded as a

37、unit.matrix, nin methods of chemical analysis, all components ofa material except the analyte. E1914method, ninstructions used to produce a numerical result,which are detailed in a document referred to as “themethod.” E1914minimum standard deviation, sM, nthe standard deviationof results on a test m

38、aterial obtained under conditions ofminimum variability E1914nebulizer, na device for converting a sample solution into agas-liquid aerosol for atomic absorption, emission, fluores-cence, or mass analysis.neutral filtersee under filter.noncapacitive ac arcsee under arc.nonselective filtersee under f

39、ilter.normalization, nin spectrometric analysis, (1) the processof adjusting instrument output to conform to an establishedcondition using one or more homogeneous specimens orreference materials; (2) the adjustment of the analysis total to100 %, or some other total.parting, vtin fire assay, separati

40、ng silver from gold byselectively dissolving the silver in acid.performance based method, na test method that defines:(1) the general approaches for sampling, sample preparation,and making measurements on a specified type of material;and (2) defines maximum allowable uncertainties for eachmeasured c

41、onstituent over its validated concentration range.polychromator, na device for simultaneously isolating sev-eral rays of monochromatic radiation from a beam ofpolychromatic radiation.preburn period, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the timeinterval after the initiation of a discharge during which t

42、heemitted radiation energy is not recorded for analyticalpurposes.premix burner, nin flame atomic absorption and atomicemission spectrometry, a burner in which the fuel gas ismixed with the oxidizing gas before reaching the combus-tion zone.prepared samplesee under sample.primary X rays, nin spectro

43、metry, the emergent beam fromthe X-ray source.profile, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to scan and setthe deflection of the grating, or actual or apparent position ofthe entrance slit, or actual or apparent location of the exitslits, to produce optimum measurement of intensity.proof, nin fire ass

44、ay, a synthetic verifier having a preciousmetal content similar to that expected in the test sample.proof correction, nin fire assay, the adjustment to the finalassay obtained by analyzing the proof concurrently with thetest sample.radiant power, P, nthe rate at which energy is transported ina beam

45、of radiant energy, preferably expressed in ergs persecond or watts.reciprocal linear dispersion, nthe derivative dl/dx where lis the wavelength and x is the distance along the spectrum.reference material (RM), nmaterial or substance one ormore of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneousand

46、 well established to be used for the calibration of anapparatus, the assessment of a measurement method, or forassigning values to materials. ISO Guide 30repeatability, nsee within-laboratory standard deviation.E1914repeatability index, r, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results o

47、n the same test material ondifferent days in the same laboratory, a difference notexpected to be exceeded an average of more than once in 20comparisons (95 % probability). E1914repeatability standard deviation, nsee within-laboratorystandard deviation. E1914reproducibility, nsee between-laboratory s

48、tandard devia-tion. E1914reproducibility index, R, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results on the same material in twolaboratories, a difference not expected to be exceeded anaverage of more than once in 20 comparisons (95 % prob-ability). E1914reproducibility standard deviation,

49、nsee between-laboratory standard deviation. E1914resolution, nin atomic spectrometry, the minimum distanceby which two spectral lines must be separated before theycan be distinguished as being separate.result, nvalue representing the quantity of analyte that isobtained by applying a method one time to a test material.E1914sample, nin methods of chemical analysis, a portion of amaterial selected and processed to render its compositionrepresentative of the composition of the whole. (Contrastspecimen.)