1、Designation: E135 11Standard Terminology Relating toAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used inanalytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials.Terms that
3、are generally understood or defined adequately inother readily available sources are either not included or theirsources are identified.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a discussion.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstandards organiz
4、ation or ASTM committee are identified withthe name of the organization or the identifying document andASTM committee.1.4 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emis-sion spectrometry) are identified with an italicized introductoryphrase.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1914
5、Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Develop-ment and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical AnalysisE2437 Practice for Designing and Validating Performance-Based Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated MaterialsE2438 Practice for Implementing Standard PerformanceBased Test Method
6、s for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated Materials2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO Guide 30:2008 Terms and Definitions Used in Connec-tion with Reference Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use in allstandards on analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and r
7、elatedmaterials. The definitions should be used uniformly andconsistently. The purpose of this terminology is to promoteclear understanding and interpretation of the standards inwhich definitions are used.4. Terminology Definitionsaim interlaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximum deviation(95 % confiden
8、ce) to be allowed in the design of the totalinterlaboratory uncertainty of a test method, beginning withthe preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending with afinal report value to the client. E2437aim total intralaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximumdeviation (95 % confidence) to be allowed in the
9、design ofthe total intralaboratory uncertainty of a test method, begin-ning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample andending with a final report value to the client. E2438aim uncertainty budget, nduring the development of astandard performance-based test method, the target alloca-tion of inter
10、laboratory measurement uncertainty among spe-cific components of a measurement process that contributesignificantly to the overall deviation. The target allocation ismade by the task group and serves as guidance for interlabo-ratory test participants during method testing. E2437analytical curvesee c
11、alibration curve.analyte, nin methods of chemical analysis, the constituentdetermined by a chemical measurement process. E19141This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 onAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the directresponsibility of Subcommitt
12、ee E01.23 on Terminology and Editorial.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2011. Published February 2011. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E135 10b. DOI:10.1520/E0135-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer S
13、ervice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International
14、, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.analytical gap, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the re-gion between two electrodes in which the specimen isexcited and from which radiant energy is used for analysis.analytical line, nin atomic spectrometry, the
15、particularwavelength of electromagnetic radiation used in determiningthe presence or concentration of an element.arc, condensedsee discharge, triggered capacitor.continuous dc arc, na self-maintaining dc discharge.noncapacitive ac arc, nin atomic emission spectrometry,aseries of separate electrical
16、discharges, individually self-initiating or initiated separately by another means, in whicheach current pulse has a polarity that is reversed from theprevious one.arc linenot recommended, see atom line.atom line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted durin
17、g electron transition asan excited atom returns to a lower energy level.atomic emission spectrometry (AES), npertaining to emis-sion spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible, or infraredwavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.bandpass filtersee under filter.between-laboratory standard dev
18、iation, sR, nthe standarddeviation of results obtained on the same material using thesame method in different laboratories.buffer, nin spectrometric analysis, a substance that tends tominimize the effects of one or more elements on theemission of other elements.burn, nin atomic emission spectrometry
19、, that portion of asolid specimen from which atoms were volatilized or sput-tered.burn, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to vaporize, orsputter, and excite a specimen with sufficient energy togenerate spectral radiation.calibrant, na reference material used for a calibration.calibrate, vt(1) to es
20、tablish the relationship between theresponse of an instrument and the concentration or mass ofthe analyte; (2) to establish a table of corrections to improvethe accuracy of equipment used to measure physical prop-erties such as mass, volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration, nthe act, process,
21、or result of establishing: (1)the relationship between the response of an instrument andthe concentration or mass of the substance determined; (2)atable of corrections to improve the accuracy of equipmentused to measure physical properties such as mass, volume,temperature, and so forth.calibration c
22、urve, nthe graphical or mathematical represen-tation of the relationship between the response of an instru-ment and the concentration or mass of the analyte.condensed arcsee under discharge, triggered capacitor.continuous dc arcsee under arc.certified reference material (CRM), na reference material,
23、accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose propertyvalues are certified by a procedure which establishes trace-ability to an accurate realization of the unit in which theproperty values are expressed, and for which each certifiedvalue is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level ofconf
24、idence.DISCUSSIONBefore the advent of the term certified reference mate-rial (CRM), the term standard reference material was used in manydocuments ofASTM International. This results from the use of the termStandard Reference Material (SRM) as the name for certified referencematerials (CRM) issued by
25、 the National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST), an agency of the United States government.counter electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, theelectrode in an analytical pair that does not contain thespecimen being analyzed.detection limit, nthe smallest net signal (or the derivedprope
26、rty value, constituent mass fraction, etc.) obtained by agiven measurement procedure, that can be distinguishedfrom the background signal at a specified confidence level.E1914DISCUSSIONThe detection limit may be designated as LD.Anequivalent alternative term is Limit of Detection with an acronym ofL
27、OD.4discharge, triggered capacitor, na series of electrical dis-charges from capacitors initiated by a separate means andextinguished when the voltage across the analytical gap fallsto a value that no longer is sufficient to maintain it.division, nin sample preparation, a process which divides asamp
28、le into two or more subsamples without changing thecomposition.dor bead, na gold and silver alloy bead which results fromcupellation.drift correction, nin spectrometric analysis, the process ofadjusting for a translational shift or a rotational shift, or both,in an instrument calibration.electrode,
29、nin atomic emission spectrometry, either of twoterminals between which an electrical discharge occurs.electrode gapnot recommended, see analytical gap.error, nof a result, the difference between a result obtainedon a material and its accepted reference value. E1914fatigue, nin atomic emission spectr
30、ometry, the decrease inresponse of a photoelectric radiant energy detector caused bythe accumulated exposure of the detector to radiant energy.filter, nin atomic spectrometry, a substance that attenuatesthe radiant power in a definite manner with respect tospectral distribution.bandpass filtera filt
31、er that passes wavelengths (or frequen-cies) within a specified band and attenuates all wavelengths(or frequencies) outside that band. The relationship betweenwavelength l and the frequency n is l = c/n, where c is thespeed of light.gross samplesee under sample.homologous lines, nin atomic emission
32、spectrometry, spec-tral lines that exhibit minimal change in their intensity ratioswith variations in excitation conditions.increment, nin sampling, a portion of material removedfrom a lot by a single operation.inquartation, vtin fire assay, the addition of silver tofacilitate parting.4For a complet
33、e discussion, refer to L. A. Currie (ed.), Pure and AppliedChemistry, Vol 67, No. 10, 1995, pp. 16991723.E135 112interlaboratory study (ILS), na study undertaken to dem-onstrate the precision and accuracy of a test method.E1914interlaboratory uncertainty, nin a performance basedstandard test method,
34、 the precision (95 % confidence) thatparticipating laboratories achieved during interlaboratorystudies, beginning with the preparation of a homogeneoussample and ending with a final report value to the client.E2437internal standard, nin spectrometry, a material present in oradded to test samples tha
35、t serves as an intensity reference forspectral measurements.internal standard line, nin atomic spectrometry, a spectralline of an internal standard, to which the radiant energy of ananalytical line is compared.intralaboratory uncertainty, nin a performance basedstandard test method, the precision (9
36、5 % confidence) that alaboratory achieves when the method is used by more thanone operator. In test methods that establish maximumallowable intralaboratory uncertainties, users must be able todemonstrate compliance with those uncertainties in order toreport that a given test result was produced usin
37、g the namedmethod. E2437ion line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan ionized atom decays to a lower, but still ionized, energylevel; see atom line.laboratory samplesee under sample.linear dispersion, nthe derivative dx/dl
38、 where x is thedistance along the spectrum and l is the wavelength.line pair, nin atomic emission spectrometry, an analyticalline and the internal standard line with which it is compared.lot, nin sampling, a collection of material regarded as a unit.matrix, nin methods of chemical analysis, all comp
39、onents ofa material except the analyte. E1914method, nin chemical analysis, instructions used to producea numerical result, which are detailed in a document referredto as “the method.” E1914minimum standard deviation, sM, nthe standard deviationof results on a test material obtained under conditions
40、 ofminimum variability E1914lizer, na device for converting a sample solution into agas-liquid aerosol for atomic absorption, emission, fluores-cence, or mass analysis.noncapacitive ac arcsee under arc.normalization, nin spectrometric analysis, (1) the processof adjusting instrument output to confor
41、m to an establishedcondition using one or more homogeneous specimens orreference materials; (2) the adjustment of the analysis total to100 %, or some other total.parting, vtin fire assay, separating silver from gold byselectively dissolving the silver in acid.performance based method, na test method
42、 that defines:(1) the general approaches for sampling, sample preparation,and making measurements on a specified type of material;and (2) defines maximum allowable uncertainties for eachmeasured constituent over its validated concentration range.polychromator, na device for simultaneously isolating
43、sev-eral rays of monochromatic radiation from a beam ofpolychromatic radiation.preburn period, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the timeinterval after the initiation of a discharge during which theemitted radiation energy is not recorded for analyticalpurposes.premix burner, nin flame atomic absorp
44、tion and atomicemission spectrometry, a burner in which the fuel gas ismixed with the oxidizing gas before reaching the combus-tion zone.prepared samplesee under sample.primary X rays, nin spectrometry, the emergent beam fromthe X-ray source.profile, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to scan and se
45、tthe deflection of the grating, or actual or apparent position ofthe entrance slit, or actual or apparent location of the exitslits, to produce optimum measurement of intensity.proof, nin fire assay, a synthetic verifier having a preciousmetal content similar to that expected in the test sample.proo
46、f correction, nin fire assay, the adjustment to the finalassay obtained by analyzing the proof concurrently with thetest sample.radiant power, P, nthe rate at which energy is transported ina beam of radiant energy, preferably expressed in ergs persecond or watts.reciprocal linear dispersion, nthe de
47、rivative dl/dx where lis the wavelength and x is the distance along the spectrum.reference material (RM), nmaterial or substance one ormore of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneousand well established to be used for the calibration of anapparatus, the assessment of a measurement method,
48、 or forassigning values to materials. ISO Guide 30:2008repeatability, nsee within-laboratory standard deviation.E1914repeatability index, r, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results on the same test material ondifferent days in the same laboratory, a difference notexpected to be ex
49、ceeded an average of more than once in 20comparisons (95 % probability). E1914repeatability standard deviation, nsee within-laboratorystandard deviation. E1914reproducibility, nsee between-laboratory standard devia-tion. E1914reproducibility index, R, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results on the same material in twolaboratories, a difference not expected to be exceeded anaverage of more than once in 20 comparisons (95 % prob-ability). E1914reproducibility standard deviation, nsee be
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