1、Designation: E135 11bStandard Terminology Relating toAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used inanalytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials.Terms that
3、 are generally understood or defined adequately inother readily available sources are either not included or theirsources are identified.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a discussion.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstandards organi
4、zation or ASTM committee are identified withthe name of the organization or the identifying document andASTM committee.1.4 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emis-sion spectrometry) are identified with an italicized introductoryphrase.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1914
5、 Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Develop-ment and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical AnalysisE2437 Practice for Designing and Validating Performance-Based Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated MaterialsE2438 Practice for Implementing Standard PerformanceBased Test Metho
6、ds for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated Materials2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use in allstandards on analytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related
7、materials. The definitions should be used uniformly andconsistently. The purpose of this terminology is to promoteclear understanding and interpretation of the standards inwhich definitions are used.4. Terminology Definitionsaim interlaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximum deviation(95 % confidence) to
8、 be allowed in the design of the totalinterlaboratory uncertainty of a test method, beginning withthe preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending with afinal report value to the client. E2437aim uncertainty budget, nduring the development of astandard performance-based test method, the target all
9、oca-tion of interlaboratory measurement uncertainty among spe-cific components of a measurement process that contributesignificantly to the overall deviation. The target allocation ismade by the task group and serves as guidance for interlabo-ratory test participants during method testing. E2437anal
10、ytical curvesee calibration curve.analyte, nin methods of chemical analysis, the constituentdetermined by a chemical measurement process. E1914analytical gap, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the re-gion between two electrodes in which the specimen isexcited and from which radiant energy is used fo
11、r analysis.analytical line, nin atomic spectrometry, the particularwavelength of electromagnetic radiation used in determining1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 onAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the directresponsibility of Subcommitt
12、ee E01.23 on Terminology and Editorial.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2011. Published March 2012. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E135 11a. DOI:10.1520/E0135-11B.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Se
13、rvice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International,
14、 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the presence or concentration of an element.arc, condensedsee discharge, triggered capacitor.noncapacitive ac arc, nin atomic emission spectrometry,aseries of separate electrical discharges, individually self-initia
15、ting or initiated separately by another means, in whicheach current pulse has a polarity that is reversed from theprevious one.arc linenot recommended, see atom line.atom line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan excited a
16、tom returns to a lower energy level.atomic emission spectrometry (AES), npertaining to emis-sion spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible, or infraredwavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.bandpass filtersee under filter.between-laboratory standard deviation, sR, nthe standarddeviation o
17、f results obtained on the same material using thesame method in different laboratories.buffer, nin spectrometric analysis, a substance that tends tominimize the effects of one or more elements on theemission of other elements.burn, nin atomic emission spectrometry, that portion of asolid specimen fr
18、om which atoms were volatilized or sput-tered.burn, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to vaporize, orsputter, and excite a specimen with sufficient energy togenerate spectral radiation.calibrant, na reference material used for a calibration.calibrate, vt(1) to establish the relationship between the
19、response of an instrument and the amount of analyte; (2) toestablish a table of corrections to improve the accuracy ofequipment used to measure physical properties such as mass,volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration, nthe act, process, or result of establishing: (1)the relationship between th
20、e response of an instrument andthe amount of analyte present; (2) a table of corrections toimprove the accuracy of equipment used to measure physicalproperties such as mass, volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration curve, nthe graphical or mathematical represen-tation of the relationship betwee
21、n the response of an instru-ment and the concentration or mass of the analyte.condensed arcsee under discharge, triggered capacitor.certified reference material (CRM), na reference material,accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose propertyvalues are certified by a procedure which establish
22、es trace-ability to an accurate realization of the unit in which theproperty values are expressed, and for which each certifiedvalue is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level ofconfidence.DISCUSSIONBefore the advent of the term certified reference mate-rial (CRM), the term standard referenc
23、e material was used in manydocuments ofASTM International. This results from the use of the termStandard Reference Material (SRM) as the name for certified referencematerials (CRM) issued by the National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST), an agency of the United States government.counter e
24、lectrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, theelectrode in an analytical pair that does not contain thespecimen being analyzed.detection limit, nthe smallest net signal (or the derivedproperty value, constituent mass fraction, etc.) obtained by agiven measurement procedure, that can be distinguishe
25、dfrom the background signal at a specified confidence level.E1914DISCUSSIONThe detection limit may be designated as LD.Anequivalent alternative term is Limit of Detection with an acronym ofLOD.4discharge, triggered capacitor, na series of electrical dis-charges from capacitors initiated by a separat
26、e means andextinguished when the voltage across the analytical gap fallsto a value that no longer is sufficient to maintain it.division, nin sample preparation, a process which divides asample into two or more subsamples without changing thecomposition.dor bead, na gold and silver alloy bead which r
27、esults fromcupellation.drift correction, nin spectrometric analysis, the process ofadjusting for a translational shift or a rotational shift, or both,in an instrument calibration.electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, either of twoterminals between which an electrical discharge occurs.electrod
28、e gapnot recommended, see analytical gap.error, nof a result, the difference between a result obtainedon a material and its accepted reference value. E1914fatigue, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the decrease inresponse of a photoelectric radiant energy detector caused bythe accumulated exposure o
29、f the detector to radiant energy.filter, nin atomic spectrometry, a substance that attenuatesthe radiant power in a definite manner with respect tospectral distribution.bandpass filtera filter that passes wavelengths (or frequen-cies) within a specified band and attenuates all wavelengths(or frequen
30、cies) outside that band. The relationship betweenwavelength l and the frequency n is l = c/n, where c is thespeed of light.gross samplesee under sample.homologous lines, nin atomic emission spectrometry, spec-tral lines that exhibit minimal change in their intensity ratioswith variations in excitati
31、on conditions.increment, nin sampling, a portion of material removedfrom a lot by a single operation.inquartation, vtin fire assay, the addition of silver tofacilitate parting.interlaboratory study (ILS), na study undertaken to dem-onstrate the precision and accuracy of a test method.E1914interlabor
32、atory uncertainty, nin a performance basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) thatparticipating laboratories achieved during interlaboratorystudies, beginning with the preparation of a homogeneoussample and ending with a final report value to the client.E2437internal standard, nin
33、spectrometry, a material present in or4For a complete discussion, refer to L. A. Currie (ed.), Pure and AppliedChemistry, Vol 67, No. 10, 1995, pp. 16991723.E135 11b2added to test samples that serves as an intensity reference forspectral measurements.internal standard line, nin atomic spectrometry,
34、a spectralline of an internal standard, to which the radiant energy of ananalytical line is compared.intralaboratory uncertainty, nin a performance basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) that alaboratory achieves when the method is used by more thanone operator. In test methods t
35、hat establish maximumallowable intralaboratory uncertainties, users must be able todemonstrate compliance with those uncertainties in order toreport that a given test result was produced using the namedmethod. E2437ion line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation e
36、mitted during electron transition asan ionized atom decays to a lower, but still ionized, energylevel; see atom line.laboratory samplesee under sample.linear dispersion, nthe derivative dx/dl where x is thedistance along the spectrum and l is the wavelength.line pair, nin atomic emission spectrometr
37、y, an analyticalline and the internal standard line with which it is compared.lot, nin sampling, a collection of material regarded as a unit.matrix, nin methods of chemical analysis, all components ofa material except the analyte. E1914method, nin chemical analysis, instructions used to producea num
38、erical result, which are detailed in a document referredto as “the method.” E1914minimum standard deviation, sM, nthe standard deviationof results on a test material obtained under conditions ofminimum variability E1914nebulizer, na device for converting a sample solution into agas-liquid aerosol fo
39、r atomic absorption, emission, fluores-cence, or mass analysis.noncapacitive ac arcsee under arc.normalization, nin spectrometric analysis, (1) the processof adjusting instrument output to conform to an establishedcondition using one or more homogeneous specimens orreference materials; (2) the adjus
40、tment of the analysis total to100 %, or some other total.parting, vtin fire assay, separating silver from gold byselectively dissolving the silver in acid.performance based method, na test method that defines:(1) the general approaches for sampling, sample preparation,and making measurements on a sp
41、ecified type of material;and (2) defines maximum allowable uncertainties for eachmeasured constituent over its validated concentration range.polychromator, na device for simultaneously isolating sev-eral rays of monochromatic radiation from a beam ofpolychromatic radiation.preburn period, nin atomic
42、 emission spectrometry, the timeinterval after the initiation of a discharge during which theemitted radiation energy is not recorded for analyticalpurposes.premix burner, nin flame atomic absorption and atomicemission spectrometry, a burner in which the fuel gas ismixed with the oxidizing gas befor
43、e reaching the combus-tion zone.prepared samplesee under sample.primary X rays, nin spectrometry, the emergent beam fromthe X-ray source.profile, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to scan and setthe deflection of the grating, or actual or apparent position ofthe entrance slit, or actual or apparent
44、 location of the exitslits, to produce optimum measurement of intensity.proof, nin fire assay, a synthetic verifier having a preciousmetal content similar to that expected in the test sample.proof correction, nin fire assay, the adjustment to the finalassay obtained by analyzing the proof concurrent
45、ly with thetest sample.radiant power, P, nthe rate at which energy is transported ina beam of radiant energy, preferably expressed in ergs persecond or watts.reciprocal linear dispersion, nthe derivative dl/dx where lis the wavelength and x is the distance along the spectrum.reference material (RM),
46、 na material, sufficiently homoge-neous and stable with respect to one or more specifiedproperties, which has been established to be fit for itsintended use in a measurement process. ISO Guide 30repeatability, nsee within-laboratory standard deviation.E1914repeatability index, r, nan estimate of the
47、 maximumdifference expected for results on the same test material ondifferent days in the same laboratory, a difference notexpected to be exceeded an average of more than once in 20comparisons (95 % probability). E1914repeatability standard deviation, nsee within-laboratorystandard deviation. E1914r
48、eproducibility, nsee between-laboratory standard devia-tion. E1914reproducibility index, R, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results on the same material in twolaboratories, a difference not expected to be exceeded anaverage of more than once in 20 comparisons (95 % prob-ability).
49、E1914reproducibility standard deviation, nsee between-laboratory standard deviation. E1914E135 11b3result, nvalue representing the quantity of analyte that isobtained by applying a method one time to a test material.E1914sample, nin methods of chemical analysis, a portion of amaterial selected and processed to render its compositionrepresentative of the composition of the whole. (Contrastspecimen.) E1914gross sample, na sample representing one lot of materialand composed of a number of increments on
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