1、Designation: E136 09bAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forBehavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750C1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E136; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-resp
3、onse test method covers the determi-nation under specified laboratory conditions of combustioncharacteristics of building materials.1.2 Limitations of this fire-test response test method areshown below.1.2.1 This test method does not apply to laminated or coatedmaterials.1.2.2 This test method is no
4、t suitable or satisfactory formaterials that soften, flow, melt, intumesce or otherwiseseparate from the measuring thermocouple.1.2.3 This test method does not provide a measure of anintrinsic property.1.2.4 This test method does not provide a quantitativemeasure of heat generation or combustibility
5、; it simply servesas a test method with selected (end point) measures ofcombustibility.1.2.5 The test method does not measure the self-heatingtendencies of materials.1.2.6 In this test method materials are not being tested in thenature and form used in building applications. The test speci-men consi
6、sts of a small, specified volume that is either (1) cutfrom a thick sheet; (2) assembled from multiple thicknesses ofthin sheets; or (3) placed in a container if composed of granularpowder or loose-fiber materials.1.2.7 Results from this test method apply to the specific testapparatus and test condi
7、tions and are likely to vary whenchanges are made to one or more of the following: (1) the size,shape, and arrangement of the specimen; (2) the distribution oforganic content; (3) the exposure temperature; (4) the airsupply; (5) the location of thermocouples.1.3 This test method references notes and
8、 footnotes thatprovide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes,excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered asrequirements of this test method.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 Thi
9、s standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditio
10、ns.1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to es
11、tablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1929 Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperatureof PlasticsD3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coaland Coke from C
12、oalE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire Standards2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 1182 Noncombustibility Test for Building MaterialsISO 13943 Fire Safety-Vocabulary2.3 Other Standard:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on
13、 FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.23 on Combustibil-ity.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2009. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E136 09a. DOI:10.1520/E0136-09B.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the AS
14、TM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 1003
15、6, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.BS 476 Combustibility Test of Materials33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms found in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In
16、 case ofconflict, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shallprevail.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method uses a furnace consisting of a ceramictube containing an electric heating coil to expose buildingmaterials to a temperature of 750C (1382F) until failureoccurs or for at least 30 mi
17、n.4.2 The furnace consists of two concentric vertical refrac-tory tubes.4.3 Thermocouples are used to assess the temperature in-creases resulting from combustion of the building material.4.4 Visual observation is used to assess the occurrence offlaming.5. Significance and Use5.1 While actual buildin
18、g fire exposure conditions are notduplicated, this test method will assist in indicating thosematerials which do not act to aid combustion or add appre-ciable heat to an ambient fire.5.2 Materials passing the test are permitted limited flamingand other indications of combustion.6. Apparatus6.1 The t
19、est apparatus, as shown in Fig. 1, shall consistprimarily of the following:6.1.1 Refractory TubesTwo concentric, refractory tubes,76 and 102 mm (3 and 4 in.) in inside diameter and 210 to 250mm (812 to 10 in.) in length, with axes vertical, and with heatapplied by electric heating coils outside of t
20、he larger tube. Acontrolled flow of air is admitted tangentially near the top ofthe annular space between the tubes and passes to the bottomof the inner tube. The outer tube rests on a refractory bottomand the inner tube rests on three spacer blocks so as to afforda total opening under the inner tub
21、e equal to or greater than thatof the annular space. The refractory bottom plate has aremovable plug for cleaning.6.1.2 Transparent CoverA transparent cover of heat-resistant glass or other transparent material shall be providedover the top of the inner tubes. The cover shall have a circularopening
22、28.7 6 0.8 mm (118 6132 in.) centered over the axisof the tubes. This opening has an area of 645 mm2(1.0 in.2).The cover shall be in two equally-sized, movable parts.6.1.3 Thermocouples and an automatically recording deviceshall be provided. The thermocouples shall be located asfollows:NOTEInch-Poun
23、d Equivalentsin. 3 4 6 10 1034 1in.2No. 16 Awgmm 76 102 152 254 273 6.4 cm21.29FIG. 1 Cross Section of Furnace AssemblyE136 09b26.1.3.1 Thermocouple T1is located in the center of the airspace between the two concentric, refractory tubes; approxi-mately 204 mm (8 in.) down from the top of the 102-mm(
24、4-in.) diameter tube (Note 1).6.1.3.2 Thermocouple T3is located at the approximategeometric center of the specimen.6.1.3.3 Thermocouple T4is located on the surface, incontact with the test specimen; in the same horizontal plane asT3.6.1.3.4 Thermocouples T1, T3and T4shall have a timeconstant (time t
25、o reach 63.2 % of the furnace air temperature of750C (1382F) of 5 to 10 s (Note 2).NOTE 1Thermocouple T1is used for better regulation of the tempera-ture of the air in the furnace space.NOTE 2Ungrounded, metallic-sheathed thermocouples of 1-mm di-ameter have been found to meet the time constant requ
26、irements.6.2 Specimen HolderThe specimen holder for solid testspecimens shall be as shown in Fig. 2.6.2.1 Test specimens in granular or powder form shall becontained in thin-wall, open-top vessels of inert materialswhose outside dimensions conform to the test specimen shapeand maximum size specified
27、 in 7.1. These vessels shall havewalls of either solid or mesh construction.6.3 Test Specimen LocationDuring the test, the geometriccenter of the test specimen shall be located at the geometriccenter 63mm(618 in.) of the 76-mm (3-in.) diameter tube.7. Test Specimens7.1 All test specimens shall be 38
28、 by 38 by 51 6 2.5 mm(1.5 by 1.5 by 2.0 6 0.1 in.).7.2 The test specimens shall be dried at 60 6 3C(140 6 5F) for not less than 24 h but no more than 48 h.7.3 Test specimens shall then be placed in a desiccator tocool at least 1 h before testing.7.4 Not less than four identical specimens shall be te
29、sted.8. Procedure8.1 Test Room Setup:8.1.1 Conduct the test at room conditions of 21 6 3C(70 6 5F).8.1.2 The test apparatus shall not be exposed to drafts or anyother form of direct sunlight or artificial illumination whichwould adversely affect the observation of flaming inside thefurnace.8.1.3 The
30、 room temperature shall not change by more than3C(5F) during a test.8.2 Air FlowProvide an external air source to supplyclean air through a metal tube located near the top of the testapparatus, tangentially between the annular spaced ceramictubes. The air shall be supplied at a steady and controllab
31、le rateof 0.0027 m3/min (0.10 ft3/min) 6 20 %, which will give an airflow of 3 m (10 ft)/min past a loaded test specimen in thefurnace at 750C (1382F). Measure the air at room tempera-ture, as specified in 8.1.1 and meter by a rotameter or othermetering device in line with the metal tube.8.3 Stabili
32、zed Furnace TemperaturePrior to the initialheating period insert a thermocouple, T2, into the furnace fromthe top and place it where the geometric center of the testspecimen will be during the test. Use this thermocouple toestablish the stabilized furnace temperature.FIG. 2 Specimen Holder for Solid
33、 SpecimensE136 09b38.4 Test Furnace SetupPrepare the furnace by bringingthe temperature of thermocouple T2, located in the furnace atthe position to be occupied by the geometric center of thespecimen, to a temperature of 750 6 5.5C (1382 6 10F).Maintain the temperature in the unloaded furnace for at
34、 least 15min to ensure stability.8.5 Once the operating temperature has been established bythermocouple, T2, note the temperature on thermocouple T1and control the test chamber during the test to the observed T1temperature reading. It is acceptable to use T3as T2.8.6 Test ProcedureAs rapidly as poss
35、ible, insert the testspecimen into the furnace with thermocouple T3inserted fromthe top of the test specimen to its geometric center andthermocouple T4attached to the side surface of the testspecimen.8.6.1 Close the top cover to the 6.4-cm2(1-in.2) openingimmediately after insertion of the test spec
36、imen. Readings forthermocouples T3and T4shall be made at intervals (Note 3) notto exceed 10 s during the first 5 min, and as often as necessaryafterwards to produce a smooth curve. Do not change theregulation of the current through the heating coils and the airflow during the test.NOTE 3A continuous
37、 read-out recording is preferred since it ispossible for the maximum temperature to occur between the 10-sintervals.8.6.2 Continue the test until the temperatures at thermo-couples T3and T4have reached maxima, or until it is evidentthat the specimen does not pass this test.8.6.3 After 30 min of test
38、ing have elapsed, or at any timesubsequent to that, testing shall be discontinued if, over theprevious 10 minutes, the temperature measured at the centerthermocouple T3has risen by no more than 1C in any oneminute. The final temperature reading shall be recorded as themaximum temperature.8.7 Through
39、out the test make and record visual observationson the test specimens, noting quality, quantity, or intensity andduration of flaming or smoking, or both, and change of state.8.8 Note and record the time of occurrence of any flamingand the duration of such flaming in seconds.NOTE 4Flaming is sometime
40、s difficult to identify. Some specimensexhibit only flame as a steady blue-colored luminous gas zone. Do notignore this and note it under “observations during test” in the test report.8.9 Weigh each test specimen before and after testing andrecord the weight, in g, before and after the test for each
41、 testspecimen.8.10 Record the temperatures (initial, maximum and final),in C, as measured by the appropriate thermocouples.9. Calculation9.1 Calculate and record the weight loss for each of the testspecimens, expressed as a percentage of the initial weight ofthe test specimen, to the nearest 1 %.9.2
42、 Calculate and record the temperature rise, in C, foreach of the test specimens.9.2.1 Calculate the temperature rise as the difference be-tween the maximum temperature and the initial temperature, asmeasured by thermocouple, T3.10. Report10.1 Report the material as passing the test if at least three
43、of the four test specimens tested meet the individual testspecimen criteria detailed in 10.2 or 10.3. The three testspecimens do not need to meet the same individual testspecimen criteria.10.2 If the weight loss of the test specimen is 50 % or less,the material passes the test when the criteria in 1
44、0.2.1 and in10.2.2 are met:10.2.1 The recorded temperatures of the surface and interiorthermocouples do not at anytime during the test rise more than30C (54F) above the stabilized furnace temperature mea-sured at T2prior to the test.10.2.2 There is no flaming from the test specimen after thefirst 30
45、 s.10.3 If the weight loss of the specimen exceeds 50 %, thematerial passes the test when the criteria in 10.3.1 and in 10.3.2are met:10.3.1 The recorded temperature of the surface and interiorthermocouples do not, at any time during the test, rise abovethe stabilized furnace temperature measured at
46、 T2prior to thetest.10.3.2 No flaming from the test specimen is observed at anytime during the test.11. Precision and Bias11.1 No information is presented about the precision andbias of this test method for measuring combustion character-istics since the test results are nonquantitative and are repo
47、rtedas pass or fail. (See X1.6.)11.2 There have been attempts to determine precision andbias for some of the numerical results for this test method butthe results have not been made public.12. Keywords12.1 building materials; combustion; heated tube; limitedcombustion; Setchkin furnace; tube furnace
48、; vertical tubefurnaceE136 09b4APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. COMMENTARYX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 The difference in fire risk between a combustiblebuilding material and a noncombustible (or incombustible) oneis generally obvious. However, some materials may containonly a limited amount of combu
49、stible content and may notcontribute appreciably to an ambient fire. The term noncom-bustible, while in recognized use as indicating a material thatwill not ignite or burn, is indefinite in its application unlessreferenced to a well defined testing procedure.X1.2 DefinitionX1.2.1 Most dictionaries have defined noncombustible insimple terms, such as that used in the 1920 edition of theNational Building Code promulgated by the National Board ofFire Underwriters (NBFU): Incombustible materials or con-struction are those that “will not ignite
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